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This study presents different approaches to increase the sensing area of NiO based semiconducting metal oxide gas sensors. Micro- and nanopatterned laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are generated on silicon and Si/SiO2 substrates. The surface morphologies of the fabricated samples are examined by FE SEM. We select the silicon samples with an intermediate Si3N4 layer due to its superior isolation quality over the thermal oxide for evaluating the hydrogen and acetone sensitivity of a NiO based test sensor.
By a simple femtosecond laser process, we fabricated metal-oxide/gold composite films for electrical and optical gas sensors. We designed a dripple wavelength AWG-spectrometer, matched to the plasma absorption wavelength region of the composite films. H2/CO absorptions fit well with the AWG design for multi gas detection sensor arrays
The main aims of this work are the validation of the developed process of gluing a single-mode optical fiber array with a photonic chip and the selection of a more suitable adhesive from the two adhesives being compared. An active alignment system was used for adjusting the two optical fiber arrays to a photonics chip. The gluing was done by two compared UV curable adhesives applied in the optical path. The insertion losses of glued coupling were measured and investigated at two discrete wavelengths 1310 nm and 1550 nm during temperature testing in the climatic chamber according to Telcordia GR_1209_Corei04 [3]. The measurement, investigation, and comparison of insertion losses of the glued coupling at the spectral band from 1530 nm to 1570 nm were done immediately after gluing process and after three temperature cycles in the climatic chamber with one month delay.
In this paper, a 256-channel, 10-GHz arrayed waveguide gratings demultiplexer for ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing was designed using an in-house developed tool called AWG-Parameters. The AWG demultiplexer was designed for a central wavelength of 1550 nm and the structure was simulated in PHASAR tool from Optiwave. Two different AWG designs were developed and the influence of the design parameters on the AWG performance was studied.
Design, simulation, and optimization of the 1×4 optical three-dimensional multimode interference splitter using IP-Dip polymer as a core and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sylgard 184 as a cladding is demonstrated. The splitter was simulated by using beam propagation method in BeamPROP simulation module of RSoft photonic tool and optimized for an operating wavelength of 1.55 μm . According to the minimum insertion loss, the dimensions of the splitter were optimized for a waveguide with a core size of 4×4 μm2 . The objective of the study is to create the design for fabrication by three-dimensional direct laser writing optical lithography.
This paper presents design, simulation, and optimization of the three-dimensional 1×4 optical multimode interference splitter using IP-Dip polymer as a core and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sylgard 184 as a cladding. The splitter was simulated by using beam propagation method in BeamPROP simulation engine of RSoft photonic tool and optimized for an operating wavelength of 1.55 µm. According to the minimum insertion loss, the dimensions of the MMI coupler and the length of the whole MMI splitter structure were optimized applying a waveguide with a core size of 4×4 µm2. The objective of the study is to create a design for fabrication by three-dimensional direct laser writing optical lithography.
We present design of planar 16-channel, 100-GHz multi-mode polymer-based AWG. This AWG was designed for central wavelength of 1550 nm applying AWG-Parameters tool. The AWG structure was created and simulated in the commercial photonic tool PHASAR from Optiwave. Achieved transmission characteristics were evaluated by AWG-Analyzer tool. For the design, multi-mode waveguides having a cross-section of (4x4) µm2 were used. The simulated results show strong worsening of the transmission characteristics in comparison when using single-mode waveguides. Nevertheless, the transmitting channels are clearly separated. The reason for using thicker multi-mode waveguides in the design is possibility to fabricate the AWG structure on polymer basis using direct laser writing lithography.
The paper deals with designing and numerical modelling a 2 x 2 optical switch for photonic integrated circuits based on 2 x 2 MMI elements and phase modulators. The 2 x 2 optical switch was modelled in the RsoftCAD with the simulation tool BeamPROP. The 2 x 2 optical switch is a common element for creating more complex 1 x N or N x N optical switches in all-optical signal processing.
In this paper, the design of three-dimensional configuration of Y-branch splitter is compared with Multimode Interference splitter. Both splitters use the IP-Dip polymer as a standard material for 3D laser lithography. The optical properties of the splitters for both approaches are discussed and compared.
In this work, we investigated the influence of different etch depths of the rib waveguides on the performance of SiN-based AWGs. For this purpose, an 8-channel 100 GHz AWG was designed for a center wavelength of 850 nm. The design parameters entered were calculated using the AWG-Parameters tool. The simulations were performed with a commercial photonic tool PHASAR from Optiwave. The simulated performance was evaluated using the AWG-Analyzer tool. For the AWG design, we used three identical rib waveguides with different etch depths to simulate possible etch imperfection. The simulations show the wavelength shift and degradation of the AWG performance.
Optoelectronic system based on photonic integrated circuits to miniaturize spectral domain OCT
(2023)
We present a miniaturized optical coherence tomography (OCT) setup based on photonic integrated circuits (PIC) for the 850 nm range. We designed a 512-channel arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) on a PIC for spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) that is co-integrated with PIN-photodiodes and analog-to-digital-converters on one single chip. This image sensor is combined with all the necessary electronics to act as a camera. It is integrated into a fiber-based OCT system, achieving a sensitivity of >80dB and various samples are imaged. This optoelectronic system will allow building small and cost-effective OCT systems to monitor retinal diseases.
Semiconducting metal oxides are widely used for solar cells, poto-catalysis, bio-active materials and gas sensors. Besides the material properties of the used semiconductor,the specific surface topology of the sensor determines the device performance. We investigate the preparation and transfer suitable metals onto LIPPS structures on glass for gas sensing applications.
The paper shows concepts of optical splitting based on three dimensional (3D) optical splitters based on multimode interference principle. This paper is focused on the design, fabrication and characterization of 3D MMI splitter with formed output waveguides based on IP-Dip polymer for direct application on optical fiber. The MMI optical splitter was simulated and fabricated using direct laser writing process. Output characteristics were characterized by highly resolved near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) and compared with 3D MMI splitter without output waveguides.
We present 256-channel, 25-GHz AWG designed for ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing. For the design two in-house developed tools were used: AWG-Parameters tool for the calculation of input design parameters and AWGAnalyser tool, used to evaluate the simulated transmission characteristics. The AWG structure was designed for AWG central wavelength of 1550 nm and simulated with PHASAR tool from Optiwave. To keep the size of AWG structure as small as possible the number of waveguides in the phased array was tested. The simulations show that there is a certain minimum number of phased array waveguides necessary to reach sufficient AWG performance. After optimization, the AWG structure reached 10 cm x 11 cm in size and satisfying optical properties.
This paper describes two different designs of 1×8 passive optical splitters. The first splitter consists of cascade arranged directional waveguide branches (Y-branch splitter) with (0.8×0.16) µm2 waveguide cross-section. The second splitter is based on multimode interference occurring in a large MMI coupler, which uses a self-imaging effect for beam propagation, exhibiting the same waveguide core size as a Y-branch splitter. The waveguide channel profile, used in both approaches, is based on a silicon nitride material platform, with a refractive index of core being nc = 1.925 and a refractive index of cladding ncl = 1.4575. The splitters are designed as a planar structure for a medical operating wavelength 850 nm. Design, simulation, and optimization of passive optical components are performed by a commercial photonic software tool BeamPROP simulation engine by RSoft Photonics Suite tool, employing beam propagation method. This work aims to find the minimum physical dimensions of the designed splitters with the satisfactory optical performance. According to the minimum insertion loss and minimum non-uniformity, the optimum length of the splitters is determined. Finally, the optical properties of splitters for both approaches are discussed and compared with each other.
Due to the increasing trend of photonic element miniaturisation and the need for optical splitting, we propose and simulate a new type of three-dimensional (3D) optical splitter based on multimode interference (MMI) for the wavelength of 1550 nm. We present various designs and simulations of various parameters for the optimized MMI splitter. We focus on the possibility of its integration on an optical fiber. The design is focused on a possible production process using 3D laser lithography for the prepared experiments. The MMI splitter was prepared by laser lithography using direct writing process and finally investigated by output characterisation by the near-field measurement.
In this paper, we document optical splitters based on Y-branch and also on MMI splitting principle. The 1×4 Y-branch splitter was prepared in 3D geometry fully from polymer approaching the single mode transmission at 1550 nm. We also prepared new concept of 1×4 MMI optical splitter. Their optical properties and character of output optical field were measured by near-field scanning optical microscope. Splitting properties and optical outputs of both splitters are very promising and increase an attractiveness of presented 3D technology and polymers.
The paper deals with the optimization of 2x2 optical switch for photonic integrated circuits based on two 2x2 MMI splitters and two phase-modulators. The optical switch was modelled in the RSoftCAD with the simulation tool BeamPROP. The optimization was done to minimise the insertion losses and broaden the spectral band at 1550 nm by using linear tapers in a 2x2 MMI splitter topology. The 2x2 optical switch is a common element for creating more complex 1xN or NxN optical switches in all-optical signal processing.
Design, simulation, and optimization of the 1×4 optical three-dimensional multimode interference splitter using IP-Dip polymer as a core and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sylgard 184 as a cladding is demonstrated. The splitter was simulated by using beam propagation method in BeamPROP simulation module of RSoft photonic tool and optimized for an operating wavelength of 1.55 μm . According to the minimum insertion loss, the dimensions of the splitter were optimized for a waveguide with a core size of 4×4 μm2 . The objective of the study is to create the design for fabrication by three-dimensional direct laser writing optical lithography.
In this paper we present various educational activities with Photonics Explorer, an educational kit developed by the photonics research team B - PHOT at VUB (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) for students at secondary schools. The concept is a ‘lab-in-a-box’ that enables students of the 2 nd and 3 rd grade to do photonics experiments themselves at school with lasers, LEDs, lenses, optical fibers, and other high-tech components. Even though, the kit was developed for the secondary schools, we use experiments from the kit also for some other teaching activities such as lectures at the university, photonics workshops for teachers and children at primary/secondary schools or for events such as children's/youth's university or the night of sciences. In the frame of Austrian based project Phorsch! we have organized most of these activities which will be presented here.
A new software tool, called AWG-Channel-Spacing, is developed to calculate accurate channel spacing of an arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) optical multiplexer/demultiplexer. This tool has been developed with the application framework QT in the programming language C++. The tool was evaluated with a design of 20-channel 200 GHz AWG. The achieved simulated transmission characteristics prove the correct functionality of the tool.
A new software tool, called AWG-Wuckler, is developed to calculate geometric parameters of arrayed waveguide grating structures for telecommunication and medical applications. These parameters are crucial for a AWG layout which will be created and simulated using commercial photonic design tools. The design process of AWG is very complex because its geometric dimensions depend on a large number of input design parameters and other input design parameters. Often geometric constraints require an adjustment of the input design parameters and vice versa. Calculation and adjustment of the geometric parameters is a time-consuming process that is currently not fully supported by any commercial photonic tool. AWG-Wuckler tool overcomes this issue and offers a fast and easy to use solution. The tool was already applied in various AWG designs and is technologically well proven.
This paper aims to study the design, simulation, and optimization of low-loss Y-branch passive optical splitters up to 64 output ports for telecommunication applications. For a waveguide channel profile, the standard material silica-on-silicon is used. The Y-splitters are designed and simulated at telecommunication operating wavelength, λ = 1550 nm. Except for the lengths of the used Y-branches, and a core size of the waveguides, design parameters such as port pitch between the waveguides and simulation parameters for all splitters are considered fixed. The simulation results are analyzed to determine the optimum length of the splitters and the optimum core size. Based on this optimization the total length of the highest designed 1×64 Y-branch splitter was reduced by 41.14 % for a waveguide core (5×5) μm2 compared to the length of splitter with a standard (6×6) μm2 core size.
Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) is a passive optical component, which have found applications in a wide range of photonic applications including telecommunications and medicine. Silica-on-Silicon (SoS) based AWGs use a low refractive-index contrast between the core (waveguide) and the cladding which leads to some significant advantages such as low propagation losses and low fiber coupling losses between the AWG waveguides and the fibres. Therefore, they are an attractive DWDM solution offering higher channel count technology and good performance characteristics compared to other methods. However, the very low refractive-index contrast means the bending radius of the waveguides needs to be very large (on the order of several millimeters) and may not fall below a particular critical value to suppress bending losses. As a result, silica-based waveguide devices usually have a very large size that limits the integration density of SiO2-based photonic integrated devices. High-index contrast AWGs (such as silicon, silicon nitride or polymer-based waveguide devices) feature much smaller waveguide size compared to low index contrast AWGs. Such compact devices can easily be implemented on a chip and have already found applications in emerging applications such as optical sensors, devices for DNA diagnostics and optical spectrometers for infrared spectroscopy.In this work, we present the design, simulation, technological verification and applications of both, the low-index contrast and high-index contrast AWGs. For telecommunication applications AWG-MUX/Demux with up to 128-channels will be presented. For medical applications the AWG-spectrometer with up to 512-channels will be presented.This work was carried out in the framework of the projects: ADOPT No. SK-AT-20-0012, NOVASiN No. SK-AT-20-0017 and AUTOPIC No. APVV-17-0662 from Slovak research and development agency of Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and No. SK 07/2021 and SK 08/2021 from Austrian Agency for International Cooperation in Education and Research (OeAD-GmbH); and project PASTEL, no. 2020-10-15-001, funded by SAIA.
A Telecom optical fibers are still being the best transmission medium of digital data and analogue signals for long distance applications. Progress in integrated photonics enables development of photonic chips with new unique properties, circuits of the future, and overcomes current limits in information and communication technologies. The packaging of photonic chips is necessary for taking them out of research laboratories into real implementation in the information and communication technology applications. One important step of packaging is effective coupling of optical radiation between telecom optical fiber with ten microns core dimension and photonic chip optical waveguide with submicron dimensions. For complex photonic chips, it is necessary to couple not one optical fiber but several optical fibers, which are arranged in fiber arrays. In this case, it is necessary to use a 6D positioning system, which allows to optimally adjust the relative position of the photonic chip and the fiber arrays. After setting the optimal relative position of the photonic chip and the fiber array, the process of their fixation follows. One possibility of fixation is gluing with an adhesive in the optical path between the photonic chip and an array of optical fibers with a refractive index close to the refractive index of the optical fiber core. This paper is focused on the experimental test set-up for the temperature characterization of fiber array to photonics chip butt coupling at 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths fixed themselves by UV adhesive in the optical path. The main aims of this works are selection of better adhesive from two types for gluing of photonic chip and fiber array in packaging process of photonics chips and validation of gluing process developing. The coupling and alignment of fiber arrays to photonics chip were done by automated active alignments system and they were fixed themselves by curable epoxy adhesive. Temperature changes of coupling insertion losses are measured and investigated for two different UV adhesives during three temperature cycles from -40 °C to 80 °C in climatic chamber according to Telcordia. Spectral dependence of insertion losses were measured and compared before and after three temperature cycles for 1530 nm to 1570 nm spectral range at room temperature.
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contracts APVV-17-0662 and SK-AT-20-0017 and by the COST Action “European Network for High Performance Integrated Microwave Photonics” (EUIMWP) CA16220.
In this paper, design of 1×8 multimode interference passive optical splitter is proposed. The structure of the splitter is designed based on a silicon nitride material platform. This work aims to find the minimum physical dimensions of the designed splitters with the satisfactory optical performance. According to the minimum insertion loss and minimum non-uniformity, the optimum length of the splitters is determined.
Femtosecond laser ablation on Si generates 2D ripple structures, known as laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) and pinholes. We fabricated membranes with 20 to 50 μm thickness perforated by an array of tapered pinholes up to 5 μm in diameter and 10 to 20 μm spacing. Within several micrometer the pinholes transform into hollow photonic waveguides with constant diameter from 1μm to 2μm. Such structures offer a 3D photonic coupling device for polymer Y-branch- and MMI-splitter. We measured a considerable change of electrical resistivity for 500 ppm H2 in air using Si/SiO2/TiO2 substrates with 2D LIPSS. We propose to investigate 3D waveguide arrays also for photonic-chemical sensors.
In this paper we report on the experimental test set-up for the temperature characterization of fiber array to photonics chip butt coupling at 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths. The alignment and gluing of fiber arrays to photonics chip were done by automated active alignments system and they were fixed themselves by UV curable epoxy adhesive. Temperature changes of coupling insertion losses are measured and investigated for two different UV adhesives during three temperature cycles from -40 °C to 80 °C in climatic chamber. Spectral dependence of insertion losses was measured and compared before and after three temperature cycles for 1530 nm to 1570 nm spectral range at room temperature.
We present design, simulation and optimization of polymer based 16-channel, 100-GHz AWG designed for central wavelength of 1550 nm. The input design parameters were calculated applying AWG-Parameters tool. The simulations were performed applying a commercial photonic tool PHASAR from Optiwave. The achieved transmission characteristics were evaluated by AWG-Analyzer tool and show a satisfying agreement between designed and simulated AWG optical properties. Finally, the influence of the number of phased array (PA) waveguides on the AWG performance was studied. The results show that there is a certain minimum number of PA waveguides necessary to reach sufficient AWG performance.
This paper presents the design, simulation, and optimization of a 1×128 multimode interference (MMI) splitter with a silica-on-silicon channel profile. This work aims to study the influence of the different S-Bend output waveguide shapes at the end of the MMI coupler on the final optical properties. The 1×128 MMI splitters have been simulated using beam propagation method in OptiBPM software. The optical properties of all considered splitters with different shapes of outputs waveguides are discussed and compared with each other. Based on the minimum insertion loss and non-uniformity, the final shape of output waveguides, ensuring the lowest losses, is determined.
Today, optics and photonics is widely regarded as one of the most important key technologies for this century. Many experts even anticipate that the 21st century will be century of photon much as the 20th century was the century of electron. Optics and photonics technologies affect almost all areas of our life and cover a wide range of applications in science and industry, e.g. in information and communication technology, in medicine, life science engineering as well as in energy and environmental technology. However even so attractive, the photonics is not well known by most people. To motivate especially young generation for optics and photonics we worked out a lecture related to the “light” for children aged eight to twelve years. We have prepared many experiments to explain the nature of light and its applications in our everyday life. Finally, we focused on the optical data transmission, i.e. how modern communication over optical networks works. To reach many children at home we recorded this lecture and offered it as a video online in the frame of children’s university at Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences. By combining the hands-on teaching with having a fun while learning about the basic optics concepts we aroused interest of many children with a very positive feedback.
In this paper, we propose and simulate a new type of three-dimensional (3D) optical splitter based on multimode interference (MMI) for the wavelength of 1550 nm. The splitter was proposed on the square basis with the width of 20 x 20 µm2 using the IP-Dip polymer as a standard material for 3D laser lithography. We present the optical field distribution in the proposed MMI splitter and its integration possibility on optical fiber. The design is aimed to the possible fabrication process using the 3D laser lithography for forthcoming experiments.
The goal of this paper is to design a low-loss 1 x 32 Y-branch optical splitter for optical transmission systems, using two different design tools employing Beam Propagation Method. As a first step, a conventional 1 x 32 Y-branch splitter was designed and simulated in two-dimensional environment of OptiBPM photonic tool. The simulated optical properties feature high loss, high asymmetric splitting ratio and a large size of the designed structure, too. In the second step of this work we propose an optimization of the conventional splitter design leading to suppression of the asymmetric splitting ratio to one-third of its initial value and to the improvement of the losses by nearly 2 dB. In addition, 50% size reduction of the designed structure was also achieved. This length-optimized low-loss splitter was then modelled in a three-dimensional environment of RSoft photonic tool and the simulated results confirm the strong improvement of the optical properties.
In this paper, low-loss Y-branch splitters up to 128 splitting ratio are designed, simulated, and optimized by using 2D beam propagation method in OptiBPM tool by Optiwave. For an optical waveguide, a silica-on-silicon material platform is used. The splitters were designed as a planar structure for a telecommunication operating wavelength of 1.55 m. According to the minimum insertion loss and minimum non-uniformity, the optimum length for each Y-branch is determined. The influence of the pre-defined S-Bend waveguide shapes (Arc, Cosine, Sine) and of the waveguide core size reduction on the splitter performance has been also studied. The obtained simulation results of all designed splitters with different S-Bend shape waveguides together with the different waveguide core sizes are discussed and compared with each other.
In this work, we present a significant step toward in vivo ophthalmic optical coherence tomography and angiography on a photonic integrated chip. The diffraction gratings used in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography can be replaced by photonic integrated circuits comprising an arrayed waveguide grating. Two arrayed waveguide grating designs with 256 channels were tested, which enabled the first chip-based optical coherence tomography and angiography in vivo three-dimensional human retinal measurements. Design 1 supports a bandwidth of 22 nm, with which a sensitivity of up to 91 dB (830 µW) and an axial resolution of 10.7 µm was measured. Design 2 supports a bandwidth of 48 nm, with which a sensitivity of 90 dB (480 µW) and an axial resolution of 6.5 µm was measured. The silicon nitride-based integrated optical waveguides were fabricated with a fully CMOS-compatible process, which allows their monolithic co-integration on top of an optoelectronic silicon chip. As a benchmark for chip-based optical coherence tomography, tomograms generated by a commercially available clinical spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system were compared to those acquired with on-chip gratings. The similarities in the tomograms demonstrate the significant clinical potential for further integration of optical coherence tomography on a chip system.
We present a new concept of 3D polymer-based 1 × 4 beam splitter for wavelength splitting around 1550 nm. The beam splitter consists of IP-Dip polymer as a core and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sylgard 184 as a cladding. The splitter was designed and simulated with two different photonics tools and the results show high splitting ratio for single-mode and multi-mode operation with low losses. Based on the simulations, a 3D beam splitter was designed and realized using direct laser writing (DLW) process with adaptation to coupling to standard single-mode fiber. With respect to the technological limits, the multi-mode splitter having core of (4 × 4) μm 2 was designed and fabricated together with supporting stable mechanical construction. Splitting properties were investigated by intensity monitoring of splitter outputs using optical microscopy and near-field scanning optical microscopy. In the development phase, the optical performance of fabricated beam splitter was examined by splitting of short visible wavelengths using red light emitting diode. Finally, the splitting of 1550 nm laser light was studied in detail by near-field measurements and compared with the simulated results. The nearly single-mode operation was observed and the shape of propagating mode and mode field diameter was well recognized.
Design and optimization of 1x2N Y-branch optical splitters for telecommunication applications
(2020)
This paper presents the design and optimization of 1x2N Y-branch optical splitters for telecom applications. A waveguide channel profile, used in the splitter design, is based on a standard silica-on-silicon material platform. Except for the lengths of the used Y-branches, design parameters such as port pitch between the waveguides and simulation parameters for all splitters were considered fixed. For every Y-branch splitter, insertion loss, non-uniformity, and background crosstalk are calculated. According to the minimum insertion loss and minimum non-uniformity, the optimum length for each Y-branch is determined. Finally, the individual Y-branches are cascade joined to design various Y-branch optical splitters, from 1x2 to 1x64.
Introducing 3D sub-micrometer technologies based on polymers opened new possibilities of design and fabrication of photonic devices and components in 3D arrangement. 3D laser lithography is direct writing process based on two photon polymerization exhibiting high accuracy and versatility, where numerous resists and even polymer ceramic mixtures can be used. We present design and simulation of polymer based photonic components with a focus on arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) based on optical multiplexers/demultiplexers and optical splitters. All optical components were designed for 1550 nm operating wavelength, applying two commercial photonics tools. This study creates a basis for the design of optical components in 3D arrangement, which will be fabricated by 3D laser lithography.
We present the technological verification of a size-optimized 160-channel, 50-GHz silicon nitride-based AWG-spectrometer. The spectrometer was designed for TM-polarized light with a central wavelength of 850 nm applying our proprietary “AWG-Parameters” tool. For the simulations of AWG layout, the WDM PHASAR photonics tool from Optiwave was used. The simulated results show satisfying optical properties of the designed AWG-spectrometer. However, the high-channel count causes a large AWG size with standard design approaches. To solve this problem we designed a special taper enabling the reduction of AWG structure by about 15% while keeping the same optical properties. The AWG design was fabricated and the measured spectra not only confirm the proposed size-reduction but also the improvement of optical properties of the size-optimized AWG.
The photonic integrated circuits are required in the next generations of coherent terabit optical communications. The software tools for automated adjustment and coupling of optical fiber arrays to photonic integrated circuits has been developed. The obtained results are needed in final production phase in the technology process of photonic integrated circuits packaging.
We present design and simulation of 16-channel, 100-GHz silicon nitride based AWG using BeamPROP simulation engine of RSoft photonic tool. The AWG was designed for TM-polarized light with central wavelength of 850 nm. The input design parameters were calculated applying AWG-Parameters tool. For this purpose, we created a ridge waveguide structure, used in the design of the AWG layout, and performed FEM simulation. The output of the BPM simulation of AWG structure are the transmission characteristics, which was used to calculate transmission parameters defining optical properties of simulated AWG. The achieved simulation results are in a good agreement with the design.
Comparison of silicon nitride based 8-channel 100-GHz AWGs applying different waveguide structures
(2019)
This paper presents design and simulation of 8-channel, 100-GHz AWGs based on Si/SiO2/SiN/SiOx material platform. For the designs, two different waveguide structures were used, i.e. ridge and rib waveguides. AWGs were designed for central wavelength of 850 nm applying AWG-Parameters tool. The simulations were performed applying FEM and BPM methods in RSoft and PHASAR photonic tools. The simulation results show considerably lower losses but slightly higher channel crosstalk when applying rib waveguides.