500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik
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Traditional power grids are mainly based on centralized power generation and subsequent distribution. The increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy sources and the growing number of electrical loads is creating difficulties in balancing supply and demand and threatens the secure and efficient operation of power grids. At the same time, households hold an increasing amount of flexibility, which can be exploited by demand-side management to decrease customer cost and support grid operation. Compared to the collection of individual flexibilities, aggregation reduces optimization complexity, protects households’ privacy, and lowers the communication effort. In mathematical terms, each flexibility is modeled by a set of power profiles, and the aggregated flexibility is modeled by the Minkowski sum of individual flexibilities. As the exact Minkowski sum calculation is generally computationally prohibitive, various approximations can be found in the literature. The main contribution of this paper is a comparative evaluation of several approximation algorithms in terms of novel quality criteria, computational complexity, and communication effort using realistic data. Furthermore, we investigate the dependence of selected comparison criteria on the time horizon length and on the number of households. Our results indicate that none of the algorithms perform satisfactorily in all categories. Hence, we provide guidelines on the application-dependent algorithm choice. Moreover, we demonstrate a major drawback of some inner approximations, namely that they may lead to situations in which not using the flexibility is impossible, which may be suboptimal in certain situations.
Femtosecond laser ablation on Si generates 2D ripple structures, known as laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) and pinholes. We fabricated membranes with 20 to 50 μm thickness perforated by an array of tapered pinholes up to 5 μm in diameter and 10 to 20 μm spacing. Within several micrometer the pinholes transform into hollow photonic waveguides with constant diameter from 1μm to 2μm. Such structures offer a 3D photonic coupling device for polymer Y-branch- and MMI-splitter. We measured a considerable change of electrical resistivity for 500 ppm H2 in air using Si/SiO2/TiO2 substrates with 2D LIPSS. We propose to investigate 3D waveguide arrays also for photonic-chemical sensors.
By a simple femtosecond laser process, we fabricated metal-oxide/gold composite films for electrical and optical gas sensors. We designed a dripple wavelength AWG-spectrometer, matched to the plasma absorption wavelength region of the composite films. H2/CO absorptions fit well with the AWG design for multi gas detection sensor arrays
Die Integration regenerativer und innovativer Energiespeichertechnologien in der Gebäudetechnik ist ein zentraler Bestandteil der Strategie, um die globalen Ziele der Energiewende zu erreichen. Um die Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden zu verbessern, stellen geothermische Energiequellen sowie Erdspeichersysteme in Kombination mit Wärmepumpen und Kältemaschinen eine sehr effiziente Technologie dar. Da bei der Oberflächennahen Geothermie in Abhängigkeit des Standorts eine gemittelte Erdreichtemperatur von 10 °C bereitgestellt wird, kann vorallem bei Niedertemperatursystemen durch die Verwendung von Wärmepumpen eine hohe Jahresarbeitszahl erreicht werden. Wird ein Gebäude zusätzlich noch gekühlt, kann durch die Regeneration des Erdspeichersystems zudem der Effekt der saisonalen Energiespeicherung ausgenutzt werden.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden drei unterschiedlichen Erdspeichersysteme für ein bestehendes Gebäude mit der Simulationssoftware Ida Ice simuliert. Die in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Erdspeichersysteme sind: Erdwärmesonden, Energiepfähle und Bodenabsorber. Die Speichersysteme werden mit einer Wärmepumpe und Kältemaschine für die Energiebereitstellung und der entsprechenden Regelungstechnik kombiniert. Neben einer energetischen Betrachtungsweise wird zusätzlich eine Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnung durchgeführt, um die ökonomische Bewertung bei allen Energiespeichersystem mit zu berücksichtigen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Bewertung der Energiespeichersysteme von vielen Dimensionierungsparametern abhängig sind und jedes System seine Vor- und Nachteile aufweist. Über einen kurzfristigen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren kann durch die Erdwärmesonden die höchste Vorlauftemperatur und dadurch die beste Jahresarbeitszahl erreicht werden. Langzeitsimulationen zeigen jedoch, dass ohne genügend Regenration das Erdreich bei der Erdwärmesondenvariante auskühlt, weshalb in einer zusätzlichen Variante die Regeneration der Erdwärmesonden durch das Verwenden einer Solarthermieanlage simuliert wird. Das Auskühlen des Erdreichs kann bei den Energiepfählen durch die natürlichen Speichereffekte, die aus der Koppelung des Gebäudefundaments mit den Energiepfählen resultieren, vermieden werden, wodurch die Energiepfahlvariante über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Jahren und ohne Regeneration die effizienteste Variante ist. Die Bodenabsorbervariante kann durch die limitierende Dimensionierung aufgrund der Gebäudefundamentoberfläche den Wärmebedarf des Gebäudes nicht decken, wodurch die Heizelemente beim Pufferspeicher aktiviert werden müssen, was zu einer schlechteren Jahresarbeitszahl führt. Auch im Vergleich zu der bestehenden Luftwärmepumpen-Referenzanlage weist die Bodenabsorbervariante einer geringere Jahresarbeitszahl auf, wodurch die Variante als die am wenigste effizienteste bewertet wird. Bei der Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnung ist die Erdwärmesondenvariante aufgrund der hohen Investitionskosten die teuerste Variante und der Bodenabsorber die günstigste. Eine Sensitivitätsanalyse zeigt jedoch, dass bei einer Energiepreissteigerung die Bodenabsorber aufgrund der Aktivierung der Heizelemente beim Pufferspeicher in Richtung teuerste Variante tendiert.
We present 256-channel, 25-GHz AWG designed for ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing. For the design two in-house developed tools were used: AWG-Parameters tool for the calculation of input design parameters and AWGAnalyser tool, used to evaluate the simulated transmission characteristics. The AWG structure was designed for AWG central wavelength of 1550 nm and simulated with PHASAR tool from Optiwave. To keep the size of AWG structure as small as possible the number of waveguides in the phased array was tested. The simulations show that there is a certain minimum number of phased array waveguides necessary to reach sufficient AWG performance. After optimization, the AWG structure reached 10 cm x 11 cm in size and satisfying optical properties.
Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) is a passive optical component, which have found applications in a wide range of photonic applications including telecommunications and medicine. Silica-on-Silicon (SoS) based AWGs use a low refractive-index contrast between the core (waveguide) and the cladding which leads to some significant advantages such as low propagation losses and low fiber coupling losses between the AWG waveguides and the fibres. Therefore, they are an attractive DWDM solution offering higher channel count technology and good performance characteristics compared to other methods. However, the very low refractive-index contrast means the bending radius of the waveguides needs to be very large (on the order of several millimeters) and may not fall below a particular critical value to suppress bending losses. As a result, silica-based waveguide devices usually have a very large size that limits the integration density of SiO2-based photonic integrated devices. High-index contrast AWGs (such as silicon, silicon nitride or polymer-based waveguide devices) feature much smaller waveguide size compared to low index contrast AWGs. Such compact devices can easily be implemented on a chip and have already found applications in emerging applications such as optical sensors, devices for DNA diagnostics and optical spectrometers for infrared spectroscopy.In this work, we present the design, simulation, technological verification and applications of both, the low-index contrast and high-index contrast AWGs. For telecommunication applications AWG-MUX/Demux with up to 128-channels will be presented. For medical applications the AWG-spectrometer with up to 512-channels will be presented.This work was carried out in the framework of the projects: ADOPT No. SK-AT-20-0012, NOVASiN No. SK-AT-20-0017 and AUTOPIC No. APVV-17-0662 from Slovak research and development agency of Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and No. SK 07/2021 and SK 08/2021 from Austrian Agency for International Cooperation in Education and Research (OeAD-GmbH); and project PASTEL, no. 2020-10-15-001, funded by SAIA.
We present design, simulation and optimization of polymer based 16-channel, 100-GHz AWG designed for central wavelength of 1550 nm. The input design parameters were calculated applying AWG-Parameters tool. The simulations were performed applying a commercial photonic tool PHASAR from Optiwave. The achieved transmission characteristics were evaluated by AWG-Analyzer tool and show a satisfying agreement between designed and simulated AWG optical properties. Finally, the influence of the number of phased array (PA) waveguides on the AWG performance was studied. The results show that there is a certain minimum number of PA waveguides necessary to reach sufficient AWG performance.
We present design of planar 16-channel, 100-GHz multi-mode polymer-based AWG. This AWG was designed for central wavelength of 1550 nm applying AWG-Parameters tool. The AWG structure was created and simulated in the commercial photonic tool PHASAR from Optiwave. Achieved transmission characteristics were evaluated by AWG-Analyzer tool. For the design, multi-mode waveguides having a cross-section of (4x4) µm2 were used. The simulated results show strong worsening of the transmission characteristics in comparison when using single-mode waveguides. Nevertheless, the transmitting channels are clearly separated. The reason for using thicker multi-mode waveguides in the design is possibility to fabricate the AWG structure on polymer basis using direct laser writing lithography.
In this work, we investigated the influence of different etch depths of the rib waveguides on the performance of SiN-based AWGs. For this purpose, an 8-channel 100 GHz AWG was designed for a center wavelength of 850 nm. The design parameters entered were calculated using the AWG-Parameters tool. The simulations were performed with a commercial photonic tool PHASAR from Optiwave. The simulated performance was evaluated using the AWG-Analyzer tool. For the AWG design, we used three identical rib waveguides with different etch depths to simulate possible etch imperfection. The simulations show the wavelength shift and degradation of the AWG performance.
In this paper we present various educational activities with Photonics Explorer, an educational kit developed by the photonics research team B - PHOT at VUB (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) for students at secondary schools. The concept is a ‘lab-in-a-box’ that enables students of the 2 nd and 3 rd grade to do photonics experiments themselves at school with lasers, LEDs, lenses, optical fibers, and other high-tech components. Even though, the kit was developed for the secondary schools, we use experiments from the kit also for some other teaching activities such as lectures at the university, photonics workshops for teachers and children at primary/secondary schools or for events such as children's/youth's university or the night of sciences. In the frame of Austrian based project Phorsch! we have organized most of these activities which will be presented here.