500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik
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X-ray microtomography is a nondestructive, three-dimensional inspection technique applied across a vast range of fields and disciplines, ranging from research to industrial, encompassing engineering, biology, and medical research. Phasecontrast imaging extends the domain of application of x-ray microtomography to classes of samples that exhibit weak attenuation, thus appearing with poor contrast in standard x-ray imaging. Notable examples are low-atomic-number materials, like carbon-fiber composites, soft matter, and biological soft tissues.We report on a compact and cost-effective system for x-ray phase-contrast microtomography. The system features high sensitivity to phase gradients and high resolution, requires a low-power sealed x-ray tube, a single optical element, and fits in a small footprint. It is compatible with standard x-ray detector technologies: in our experiments, we have observed that single-photon counting offered higher angular sensitivity, whereas flat panels provided a larger field of view. The system is benchmarked against knownmaterial phantoms, and its potential for soft-tissue three-dimensional imaging is demonstrated on small-animal organs: a piglet esophagus and a rat heart.We believe that the simplicity of the setupwe are proposing, combined with its robustness and sensitivity, will facilitate accessing quantitative x-ray phase-contrast microtomography as a research tool across disciplines, including tissue engineering, materials science, and nondestructive testing in general.
In this paper, low-loss Y-branch splitters up to 128 splitting ratio are designed, simulated, and optimized by using 2D beam propagation method in OptiBPM tool by Optiwave. For an optical waveguide, a silica-on-silicon material platform is used. The splitters were designed as a planar structure for a telecommunication operating wavelength of 1.55 m. According to the minimum insertion loss and minimum non-uniformity, the optimum length for each Y-branch is determined. The influence of the pre-defined S-Bend waveguide shapes (Arc, Cosine, Sine) and of the waveguide core size reduction on the splitter performance has been also studied. The obtained simulation results of all designed splitters with different S-Bend shape waveguides together with the different waveguide core sizes are discussed and compared with each other.
Die Integration regenerativer und innovativer Energiespeichertechnologien in der Gebäudetechnik ist ein zentraler Bestandteil der Strategie, um die globalen Ziele der Energiewende zu erreichen. Um die Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden zu verbessern, stellen geothermische Energiequellen sowie Erdspeichersysteme in Kombination mit Wärmepumpen und Kältemaschinen eine sehr effiziente Technologie dar. Da bei der Oberflächennahen Geothermie in Abhängigkeit des Standorts eine gemittelte Erdreichtemperatur von 10 °C bereitgestellt wird, kann vorallem bei Niedertemperatursystemen durch die Verwendung von Wärmepumpen eine hohe Jahresarbeitszahl erreicht werden. Wird ein Gebäude zusätzlich noch gekühlt, kann durch die Regeneration des Erdspeichersystems zudem der Effekt der saisonalen Energiespeicherung ausgenutzt werden.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden drei unterschiedlichen Erdspeichersysteme für ein bestehendes Gebäude mit der Simulationssoftware Ida Ice simuliert. Die in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Erdspeichersysteme sind: Erdwärmesonden, Energiepfähle und Bodenabsorber. Die Speichersysteme werden mit einer Wärmepumpe und Kältemaschine für die Energiebereitstellung und der entsprechenden Regelungstechnik kombiniert. Neben einer energetischen Betrachtungsweise wird zusätzlich eine Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnung durchgeführt, um die ökonomische Bewertung bei allen Energiespeichersystem mit zu berücksichtigen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Bewertung der Energiespeichersysteme von vielen Dimensionierungsparametern abhängig sind und jedes System seine Vor- und Nachteile aufweist. Über einen kurzfristigen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren kann durch die Erdwärmesonden die höchste Vorlauftemperatur und dadurch die beste Jahresarbeitszahl erreicht werden. Langzeitsimulationen zeigen jedoch, dass ohne genügend Regenration das Erdreich bei der Erdwärmesondenvariante auskühlt, weshalb in einer zusätzlichen Variante die Regeneration der Erdwärmesonden durch das Verwenden einer Solarthermieanlage simuliert wird. Das Auskühlen des Erdreichs kann bei den Energiepfählen durch die natürlichen Speichereffekte, die aus der Koppelung des Gebäudefundaments mit den Energiepfählen resultieren, vermieden werden, wodurch die Energiepfahlvariante über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Jahren und ohne Regeneration die effizienteste Variante ist. Die Bodenabsorbervariante kann durch die limitierende Dimensionierung aufgrund der Gebäudefundamentoberfläche den Wärmebedarf des Gebäudes nicht decken, wodurch die Heizelemente beim Pufferspeicher aktiviert werden müssen, was zu einer schlechteren Jahresarbeitszahl führt. Auch im Vergleich zu der bestehenden Luftwärmepumpen-Referenzanlage weist die Bodenabsorbervariante einer geringere Jahresarbeitszahl auf, wodurch die Variante als die am wenigste effizienteste bewertet wird. Bei der Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnung ist die Erdwärmesondenvariante aufgrund der hohen Investitionskosten die teuerste Variante und der Bodenabsorber die günstigste. Eine Sensitivitätsanalyse zeigt jedoch, dass bei einer Energiepreissteigerung die Bodenabsorber aufgrund der Aktivierung der Heizelemente beim Pufferspeicher in Richtung teuerste Variante tendiert.
A Telecom optical fibers are still being the best transmission medium of digital data and analogue signals for long distance applications. Progress in integrated photonics enables development of photonic chips with new unique properties, circuits of the future, and overcomes current limits in information and communication technologies. The packaging of photonic chips is necessary for taking them out of research laboratories into real implementation in the information and communication technology applications. One important step of packaging is effective coupling of optical radiation between telecom optical fiber with ten microns core dimension and photonic chip optical waveguide with submicron dimensions. For complex photonic chips, it is necessary to couple not one optical fiber but several optical fibers, which are arranged in fiber arrays. In this case, it is necessary to use a 6D positioning system, which allows to optimally adjust the relative position of the photonic chip and the fiber arrays. After setting the optimal relative position of the photonic chip and the fiber array, the process of their fixation follows. One possibility of fixation is gluing with an adhesive in the optical path between the photonic chip and an array of optical fibers with a refractive index close to the refractive index of the optical fiber core. This paper is focused on the experimental test set-up for the temperature characterization of fiber array to photonics chip butt coupling at 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths fixed themselves by UV adhesive in the optical path. The main aims of this works are selection of better adhesive from two types for gluing of photonic chip and fiber array in packaging process of photonics chips and validation of gluing process developing. The coupling and alignment of fiber arrays to photonics chip were done by automated active alignments system and they were fixed themselves by curable epoxy adhesive. Temperature changes of coupling insertion losses are measured and investigated for two different UV adhesives during three temperature cycles from -40 °C to 80 °C in climatic chamber according to Telcordia. Spectral dependence of insertion losses were measured and compared before and after three temperature cycles for 1530 nm to 1570 nm spectral range at room temperature.
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contracts APVV-17-0662 and SK-AT-20-0017 and by the COST Action “European Network for High Performance Integrated Microwave Photonics” (EUIMWP) CA16220.
The main aims of this work are the validation of the developed process of gluing a single-mode optical fiber array with a photonic chip and the selection of a more suitable adhesive from the two adhesives being compared. An active alignment system was used for adjusting the two optical fiber arrays to a photonics chip. The gluing was done by two compared UV curable adhesives applied in the optical path. The insertion losses of glued coupling were measured and investigated at two discrete wavelengths 1310 nm and 1550 nm during temperature testing in the climatic chamber according to Telcordia GR_1209_Corei04 [3]. The measurement, investigation, and comparison of insertion losses of the glued coupling at the spectral band from 1530 nm to 1570 nm were done immediately after gluing process and after three temperature cycles in the climatic chamber with one month delay.
In this paper we report on the experimental test set-up for the temperature characterization of fiber array to photonics chip butt coupling at 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths. The alignment and gluing of fiber arrays to photonics chip were done by automated active alignments system and they were fixed themselves by UV curable epoxy adhesive. Temperature changes of coupling insertion losses are measured and investigated for two different UV adhesives during three temperature cycles from -40 °C to 80 °C in climatic chamber. Spectral dependence of insertion losses was measured and compared before and after three temperature cycles for 1530 nm to 1570 nm spectral range at room temperature.
Post-operative isoflurane has been observed to be present in the end-tidal breath of patients who have undergone major surgery, for several weeks after the surgical procedures. A major new noncontrolled, non-randomized, and open-label approved study will recruit patients undergoing various surgeries under different inhalation anaesthetics, with two key objectives, namely to record the washout characteristics following surgery, and to investigate the influence of a patient’s health and the duration and type of surgery on elimination. In preparation for this breath study using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS), it is important to identify first the analytical product ions that need to be monitored and under what operating conditions. In this first paper of this new research programme, we present extensive PTR-TOF-MS studies of three major
anaesthetics used worldwide, desflurane (CF3CHFOCHF2), sevoflurane ((CF3)2CHOCH2F), and isoflurane (CF3CHClOCHF2) and a fourth one, which is used less extensively, enflurane (CHF2OCF2CHFCl), but is of interest because it is an isomer of isoflurane. Product ions are identified as a function of reduced electric field (E/N) over the range of approximately 80 Td to 210 Td, and the effects of operating the drift tube under ‘normal’ or ‘humid’ conditions on the intensities of the product ions are presented. To aid in the analyses, density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the proton affinities and the gas-phase basicities of the anaesthetics have been determined. Calculated energies for the ion-molecule reaction pathways leading to key product ions, identified as ideal for monitoring the inhalation anaesthetics in breath with a high sensitivity and selectivity, are also presented.
Parametric anti-resonance is a phenomenon that occurs in systems with at least two degrees of freedom; this can be achieved by periodically exciting some parameters of the system. The effect of this properly tuned periodicity is to increase the dissipation in the system, which leads to a raising in the effective damping of vibrations. This contribution presents the design of an open-loop control to reduce the settling time using the anti-resonance concept. The control signal consists of a quasi-periodic signal capable of transferring the system’s oscillations from one mode to another mode of the system. The general averaging technique is used to characterize the dynamics, particularly the so-called slow dynamics of motion. With this analysis, the control signal is designed for the potential application of a microelectromechanical sensor arrangement; for this specific example, up to 96.8% reduction of settling time is achieved.
Blood flow and ventilatory flow strongly influence the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. The physicochemical properties of a compound (e.g., water solubility) additionally determine if the concentration of the compound in breath reflects the alveolar concentration, the concentration in the upper airways, or a mixture of both. Mathematical modeling based on mass balance equations helps to understand how measured breath concentrations are related to their corresponding blood concentrations and physiological parameters, such as metabolic rates and endogenous production rates. In addition, the influence of inhaled compounds on their exhaled concentrations can be quantified and appropriate correction formulas can be derived. Isoprene and acetone, two endogenous VOCs with very different water solubility, have been modeled to explain the essential features of their behavior in breath. This chapter introduces the theory of physiological modeling of exhaled VOCs, with examples of isoprene and acetone.
This paper presents design, simulation, and optimization of the three-dimensional 1×4 optical multimode interference splitter using IP-Dip polymer as a core and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sylgard 184 as a cladding. The splitter was simulated by using beam propagation method in BeamPROP simulation engine of RSoft photonic tool and optimized for an operating wavelength of 1.55 µm. According to the minimum insertion loss, the dimensions of the MMI coupler and the length of the whole MMI splitter structure were optimized applying a waveguide with a core size of 4×4 µm2. The objective of the study is to create a design for fabrication by three-dimensional direct laser writing optical lithography.