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Seit jeher versuchen Energieversorgungsunternehmen den Einsatz ihrer Kraftwerke zu optimieren. Grund für die Optimierung ist die Sicherstellung der Stromversorgung bzw. das wirtschaftliche Handeln eines Unternehmens. Bisher gibt es am Markt kaum intelligente Lösungen für sehr komplexe, hydraulisch zusammenhängende Kraftwerksgruppen. Obwohl die deterministische Optimierung der illwerke vkw sehr ausgereift ist, wird hier ein Schritt weitergegangen. Als Methode dient eine detaillierte Bewertung des Kraftwerkseinsatzes bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung von Risiken. Es wird nach Strategien und Regeln gesucht, welche den Einsatz zusätzlich optimieren. Für das Ziel dieser Forschung stellt sich in der vorliegenden Masterarbeit folgende Frage: „Wie können Kraftwerkseinsatzstrategien mithilfe eines Trainingssimulators bewertet und verallgemeinert werden?“
Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage wurden Simulationsfahrten von mehreren Dispatchern durchgeführt. Die Bewertungsmethodik basiert auf der Analyse der unterschiedlichen Strategien und gewichteten Kennzahlen. Zusätzlich wurde ein Fragebogen erstellt. Dieser beinhaltet Aspekte zu bereits bekannten Regeln im Dispatching, zur Gewichtung der Kennzahlen, zur Erfahrung der Dispatcher und zum Verhalten in verschiedenen Einsatzsituationen. Die Antworten der Dispatcher zeigen, dass bereits verschiedene Regeln im Kraftwerkseinsatz zur Anwendung kommen.
Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass ein größeres rotierendes Regelband trotz geringfügiger Wirkungsgradeinbußen, optimal ist. Dadurch können spontane Regelenergieabrufe ohne Fehlarbeit beantwortet werden. Ebenso werden die Umstellungen und somit die Maschinenbelastung deutlich geringer gehalten. In allen Strategien der Dispatcher wurden die Endpegelstände so gewählt, dass min. 1,5 h mit Vollabrufen weitergefahren werden konnte. Außerdem zeigt die Arbeit, dass es nicht möglich ist, Pegelreserven während des Einsatzes zu bewerten.
In this work, we present a significant step toward in vivo ophthalmic optical coherence tomography and angiography on a photonic integrated chip. The diffraction gratings used in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography can be replaced by photonic integrated circuits comprising an arrayed waveguide grating. Two arrayed waveguide grating designs with 256 channels were tested, which enabled the first chip-based optical coherence tomography and angiography in vivo three-dimensional human retinal measurements. Design 1 supports a bandwidth of 22 nm, with which a sensitivity of up to 91 dB (830 µW) and an axial resolution of 10.7 µm was measured. Design 2 supports a bandwidth of 48 nm, with which a sensitivity of 90 dB (480 µW) and an axial resolution of 6.5 µm was measured. The silicon nitride-based integrated optical waveguides were fabricated with a fully CMOS-compatible process, which allows their monolithic co-integration on top of an optoelectronic silicon chip. As a benchmark for chip-based optical coherence tomography, tomograms generated by a commercially available clinical spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system were compared to those acquired with on-chip gratings. The similarities in the tomograms demonstrate the significant clinical potential for further integration of optical coherence tomography on a chip system.
IBH Living Lab AAL
(2021)
If left uncontrolled, electric vehicle charging poses severe challenges to distribution grid operation. Resulting issues are expected to be mitigated by charging control. In particular, voltage-based charging control, by relying only on the local measurements of voltage at the point of connection, provides an autonomous communication-free solution. The controller, attached to the charging equipment, compares the measured voltage to a reference voltage and adapts the charging power using a droop control characteristic. We present a systematic study of the voltage-based droop control method for electric vehicles to establish the usability of the method for all the currently available residential electric vehicle charging possibilities considering a wide range of electric vehicle penetrations. Voltage limits are evaluated according to the international standard EN50160, using long-term load flow simulations based on a real distribution grid topology and real load profiles. The results achieved show that the voltage-based droop controller is able to mitigate the under voltage problems completely in distribution grids in cases either deploying low charging power levels or exhibiting low penetration rates. For high charging rates and high penetrations, the control mechanism improves the overall voltage profile, but it does not remedy the under voltage problems completely. The evaluation also shows the controller’s ability to reduce the peak power at the transformer and indicates the impact it has on users due to the reduction in the average charging rates. The outcomes of the paper provide the distribution grid operators an insight on the voltage-based droop control mechanism for the future grid planning and investments.
Background: Mobile health interventions are intended to support complex health care needs in chronic diseases digitally, but they are mainly targeted at general health improvement and neglect disease-specific requirements. Therefore, we designed TrackPAD, a smartphone app to support supervised exercise training in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
Objective: This pilot study aimed to evaluate changes in the 6-minute walking distance (meters) as a primary outcome measure. The secondary outcome measures included changes in physical activity and assessing the patients’ peripheral arterial disease–related quality of life.
Methods: This was a pilot two-arm, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Patients with symptomatic PAD (Fontaine stage IIa/b) and access to smartphones were eligible. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to the study, with the control group stratified by the distance covered in the 6-minute walking test using the TENALEA software. Participants randomized to the intervention group received usual care and the mobile intervention (TrackPAD) for the follow-up period of 3 months, whereas participants randomized to the control group received routine care only. TrackPAD records the frequency and duration of training sessions and pain levels using manual user input. Clinical outcome data were collected at the baseline and after 3 months via validated tools (the 6-minute walk test and self-reported quality of life). The usability and quality of the app were determined using the Mobile Application Rating Scale user version.
Results: The intervention group (n=19) increased their mean 6-minute walking distance (83 meters, SD 72.2), while the control group (n=20) decreased their mean distance after 3 months of follow-up (–38.8 meters, SD 53.7; P=.01). The peripheral arterial disease–related quality of life increased significantly in terms of “symptom perception” and “limitations in physical functioning.” Users’ feedback showed increased motivation and a changed attitude toward performing supervised exercise training.
Conclusions: Besides the rating providing a valuable support tool for the user group, the mobile intervention TrackPAD was linked to a change in prognosis-relevant outcome measures combined with enhanced coping with the disease. The influence of mobile interventions on long-term prognosis must be evaluated in the future.