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Zeigen, nicht erklären!
(2020)
Medien sind während der Covid-Pandemie in besonderem Maße gefordert, komplexe Sachverhalte, wie Inzidenzen und exponentielles Wachstum einfach zu erklären. Informationsgrafiken sind dazu bestens geeignet, erfordern allerdings hohe Kompetenz in der Erstellung. Dieser Artikel plädiert für die Einführung eines eigenen journalistischen Genres, nämlich des visuellen Journalismus.
Wirtschaftsethik
(2020)
Wirtschaftliche und ethische Handlungen sind zugleich realisierbar, wenn zwischen einer einrahmenden Wirtschaftsordnung (Spielregeln) und einzelnen Handlungen (Spielzügen) unterschieden wird. Das wirtschaftliche Tun und Unterlassen wird dann in den Spielzügen und die Ethik über die Spielregeln realisierbar. Die Gültigkeit einer Wirtschaftsordnung setzt einen allgemeinen Konsens über die Spielregeln und die Durchsetzungsinstanzen (z. B: Justiz oder Kartellamt) voraus. Dann regelt sie den Wettbewerb und nötigt Anbieter, sich an den Interessen der Nachfrager zu orientieren und dabei auf einen effizienten Ressourceneinsatz zu achten. So erfolgt das individuelle Handeln der Marktteilnehmer in der einrahmenden Wirtschaftsordnung mit den darin befindlichen Anreizen, daher spricht man von einer Anreizethik. Mit ihr werden wirtschaftliche und ethische Handlungen zugleich realisierbar.
Greater specific energy densities in lithium-ion batteries can be achieved by using three-dimensional (3D) porous current collectors, which allow for greater areal mass loadings of the electroactive material. In this paper, we present the use of embroidered current collectors for the preparation of thick, pouch-type Li-ion batteries. Experiments were performed on LiFePO 4 (LFP) water-based slurries using styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as binder and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as thickener, and formulations of different rheological characteristics were investigated. The electrochemical performance (cyclic voltammetry, rate capability) and morphological characteristics of the LFP half-pouch cells (X-ray micro computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy) were compared between the formulations. An optimum electrode formulation was identified, and a mechanism is proposed to explain differences between the formulations. With the optimum electrode formulation, 350 µm casted electrodes with high mechanical stability were achieved. Electrodes exhibited 4–6 times greater areal mass loadings (4–6 mAh cm −2 ) and 50% greater electroactive material weight than with foils. In tests of half- and full-pouch embroidered cells, a 50% capacity utilization at 1C-rate and 11% at 2C-rate were observed, with a full recovery at C/5-rate. The cycling stability was also maintained over 55 cycles.
For a given set of banks, how big can losses in bad economic or financial scenarios possibly get, and what are these bad scenarios? These are the two central questions of stress tests for banks and the banking system. Current stress tests select stress scenarios in a way which might leave aside many dangerous scenarios and thus create an illusion of safety; and which might consider highly implausible scenarios and thus trigger a false alarm. We show how to select scenarios systematically for a banking system in a context of multiple credit exposures. We demonstrate the application of our method in an example on the Spanish and Italian residential real estate exposures of European banks. Compared to the EBA 2016 stress test our method produces scenarios which are equally plausible as the EBA stress scenario but yield considerably worse system wide losses.
Post-operative isoflurane has been observed to be present in the end-tidal breath of patients who have undergone major surgery, for several weeks after the surgical procedures. A major new noncontrolled, non-randomized, and open-label approved study will recruit patients undergoing various surgeries under different inhalation anaesthetics, with two key objectives, namely to record the washout characteristics following surgery, and to investigate the influence of a patient’s health and the duration and type of surgery on elimination. In preparation for this breath study using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS), it is important to identify first the analytical product ions that need to be monitored and under what operating conditions. In this first paper of this new research programme, we present extensive PTR-TOF-MS studies of three major
anaesthetics used worldwide, desflurane (CF3CHFOCHF2), sevoflurane ((CF3)2CHOCH2F), and isoflurane (CF3CHClOCHF2) and a fourth one, which is used less extensively, enflurane (CHF2OCF2CHFCl), but is of interest because it is an isomer of isoflurane. Product ions are identified as a function of reduced electric field (E/N) over the range of approximately 80 Td to 210 Td, and the effects of operating the drift tube under ‘normal’ or ‘humid’ conditions on the intensities of the product ions are presented. To aid in the analyses, density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the proton affinities and the gas-phase basicities of the anaesthetics have been determined. Calculated energies for the ion-molecule reaction pathways leading to key product ions, identified as ideal for monitoring the inhalation anaesthetics in breath with a high sensitivity and selectivity, are also presented.
Spielregeln und Spielzüge
(2020)
Die Gültigkeit einer Wirtschaftsordnung (Spielregeln) verlangt den Beteiligten einen allgemeinen Konsens, der sich auch auf die Durchsetzungsinstanzen (Schiedsrichter) bezieht. Es fragt sich, auf welcher Basis dieser Konsens über die Geltung von Spielregeln, Spielzügen und regelkonform sanktionierenden Schiedsrichtern beruht und gibt es dafür benötige Vorbedingungen?
The importance of Agent-Based Simulation (ABS) as scientific method to generate data for scientific models in general and for informed policy decisions in particular has been widely recognised. However, the important technique of code testing of implementations like unit testing has not generated much research interested so far. As a possible solution, in previous work we have explored the conceptual use of property-based testing. In this code testing method, model specifications and invariants are expressed directly in code and tested through automated and randomised test data generation. This paper expands on our previous work and explores how to use property-based testing on a technical level to encode and test specifications of ABS. As use case the simple agent-based SIR model is used, where it is shown how to test agent behaviour, transition probabilities and model invariants. The outcome are specifications expressed directly in code, which relate whole classes of random input to expected classes of output. During test execution, random test data is generated automatically, potentially covering the equivalent of thousands of unit tests, run within seconds on modern hardware. This makes property-based testing in the context of ABS strictly more powerful than unit testing, as it is a much more natural fit due to its stochastic nature.
Sensemaking
(2020)
Maßnahmen zur Planung, zum Aufbau und zur Steuerung einer Wertschöpfungsarchitektur entfalten ihre Wirkung, wenn sie kontextsensitiv entwickelt und umgesetzt werden. Zu diesem Kontext gehören Strukturen und Prozesse der geplanren Vorgehensweise, ermittelbare Daten und Informationen über das eigene Tun sowie Erwartungen und Verhaltensweisen aller Beteiligten. Im Kern der Bemühungen sollte die Mitgestaltung kommunikativer Prozesse der gemeinsamen Verständigung sein, denn ihre Resonanzen sind die Bezugspunkte für das weitere Tun. Daher gilt: Der betriebswirtschaftliche Erfolg wird maßgeblich geprägt durch die Qualität der Verständigung.