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Scrum has been a prominent project management framework for managing software development projects. The scrum team embodies values such as commitment, focus, respect, courage, and openness to develop trust, which serves as the foundation of the scrum framework. However, in recent years, scrum teams are shifting towards a work-from-home environment which is relatively new to most of them and known to present various challenges. Looking at the benefits of adhering to scrum values, this study aims to investigate the challenges scrum teams experience in adhering to scrum values while operating virtually, as well as to explore practical strategies to overcome the identified challenges, particularly during the storming stage of team development. This research employed a qualitative methodology using semi-structured interviews with scrum team members who have experience working in a virtual environment. Through qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews, this research identifies significant challenges within five main categories: communication, collaboration, interpersonal dynamics, the virtual work environment, and personal workspace issues. However, beyond the challenges, the study reveals practical strategies as well for successful team dynamics and higher efficiency. The strategies derived from team members' experiences are categorized into six categories: enhanced meeting management, leveraging in-person engagements, optimizing tools & technology, effective communication strategies, team-building, and nurturing a positive work culture.
Purpose: In this thesis the viable system model (VSM) is used as a framework to develop a model for the management of a business alliance that contains the necessary and sufficient conditions for maintaining synergy of its constituent organisations and for adapting to a changing environment so that it can remain a long-term viable alliance. In addition, a model is developed that makes explicit the inherent link between the VSM and the core elements of knowledge management theory. Based then on the alliance management model and the link established between the VSM and knowledge management, an application framework is developed to guide practitioners in defining necessary alliance management functions and relationships, the knowledge required by that management to fulfill those functions, and the processes that need to be in place to manage that knowledge. Design/strategy: The research has been divided into four phases: theoretical construction, refinement with practitioners, real-world application, and evaluation of test case and toolset. The researcher has worked closely with practitioners actively involved in the formation of a new international alliance to develop a VSM model and application framework for the alliance management. Formally, the research strategy has been defined as an action research and the research philosophy as one of pragmatism. Findings/limitations: The developed application framework, has been successfully used to identify absent and incomplete roles, actions, and interactions within the management of the specific alliance test case. This has helped to demonstrate how the application framework and VSM model can be used to diagnose and, most importantly, to articulate and visualise management deficiencies to facilitate clear and unambiguous discussions. The timing of this cross-sectional research did not allow the application framework to be utilised from the outset of the alliance formation as an organisational planning tool and also not to its full extent to support the development of knowledge processes for the alliance management. However, the step-by-step approach used in developing the toolset and then explaining its application will allow the reader to judge its credability and generalisability for other practical applications. Practical implications: The developed toolset consists of a VSM for an alliance management, job descriptions for that management (responsibilities, interfaces, and core competencies), a visual model illustrating the link between the VSM and knowledge management, and an application framework to guide the filling of the alliance management job descriptions in phases of recruitment, onboarding, and development (of interfaces and activities processes). Overall, one could say that the conditions prescribed by the VSM are rather obvious and yet, as seen by the specific alliance test case, many of these conditions have been completely overlooked by a management that was more than capable, willing, and empowered to enact those conditions. This gives a good indication that the toolset which has been compiled in a visual and tabular systematic fashion may well be useful to practitioners for the organisational planning of an alliance management. The visual representation of a management role in the VSM as a set of knowledge episodes put forward by this research is significant. It forces the express recognition that knowledge management is an integral part of every interaction that takes place and every action performed that, according to the VSM, are necessary and altogether are sufficient for viability. It means that knowledge management cannot be considered as some abstract topic or unnecessary overhead or afterthought – it is entirely necessary, practical and forms a natural course of events during design of action/interaction processes. In other words, if an organisation is viable then, by definition, it does knowledge management whether or not it is formally recognised as such. The VSM, by defining necessary and sufficient actions and interactions for its roles, therefore provides a focus for relevant knowledge and serves as a tool for structured knowledge management. Originality/value: This research addresses a general academic call for hands-on insights of VSM applications by sharing real-world insights, artifacts and reflections generated by a practical and relevant organisational management application. It also addresses the potential, recognised by academics, for VSM as a framework for knowledge management by developing an intuitive model linking those theories and then using that model as part of a framework to guide its application. The introduction to aspects of knowledge management theory relevant to the model developed as well as the meticulousness and comprehensive explanation of the VSM provides a solid theoretical foundation for practitioners. The developed toolset is based on existing theories from multiple fields of research that have been logically linked and extended in an original and novel manner with a strong focus on practical application. This researcher’s hope is that this will stimulate interest for future research and practical application from academics and practitioners alike.
The implementation of direct-to-consumer (D2C) business models has become more important for companies trying to develop a competitive edge and improve consumer engagement in today's rapidly expanding e-commerce market. This master's thesis investigates the important success elements and problems of deploying D2C models in the e-commerce business. The research question focuses on identifying the factors that contribute to the successful transition to D2C models and the obstacles businesses encounter along the way. Through qualitative research using the Eisenhardt method and in-depth case studies with industry experts, this study provides valuable insights into key success factors for direct-to-consumer (D2C) business models in e-commerce.The findings highlight that businesses that effectively implement D2C models utilize key success factors such as a clear value proposition, customer engagement and relationship build- ing, seamless online experiences, targeted marketing and digital advertising, brand identity and storytelling, and flexibility and adaptability. However, they also face challenges related to operational adjustments, marketing and branding investments, competition, and market saturation. Based on these research outcomes, this thesis provides recommendations for businesses seeking to switch to or implement D2C models in e-commerce. These recommendations emphasize embracing a customer-centric mindset, developing digital capabilities, foster- ing strong leadership commitment, leveraging data and analytics, establishing direct customer relationships, optimizing operational processes, building brand trust and credibility, and allocating resources wisely. This master's thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the key success factors and challenges associated with the transition to or implementation of D2C business models in the e-commerce industry. It provides advice to help companies successfully transition to D2C models.
This thesis aims to determine how banks can prepare for fulfilling and implementing the IFRS S1 requirements, which have been published by the International Sustainability Standard Board. It also examines the extent to which banks in Liechtenstein and Switzerland have already implemented the existing regulatory requirements in the area of sustainability transparency and integrated them into their financial reporting. The focus is to determine whether, and to what extent, these requirements enable banks to disclose relevant information on sustainability aspects in their financial reports. In order to answer the research question appropriately, a qualitative research method according to Mayring was used, which included conducting expert interviews. In this context, it is important to analyze the possibilities of IFRS S1 concerning the identification, assessment, and disclosure of sustainability risks and opportunities. The thesis also analyzes the impact of the regulatory requirements on banks, including the challenges of implementing IFRS S1 and the potential benefits and opportunities for banks of complying with the sustainability transparency requirements. The results are intended to develop a better understanding of how the regulatory requirements for sustainability transparency can be effectively used by banks to improve the quality and comparability of sustainability-related financial information under IFRS S1.
In the current international business environment employees are spending large amounts of their time in meetings. More than ever these meetings take place remotely and often have the problem that individuals in the meeting do not share information or opinions. Employees often stay in muted in meetings and allow one or two participants to drive the conversation. This habit is especially troublesome for problem solving meetings. Problem solving meetings invite individuals from different disciplines to share and brainstorm possible causes for issues related to poor company outcomes. Active and open contribution from all members is required to achieve the group goals. This study aims to find methods that will increase contribution amongst meeting participants in regular meetings as well as problem solving meetings. The study tested sixteen topics for their influence on contribution in meetings. This was done in a survey, that was distributed within a multination engineering corporation, and on LinkedIn. There was a total of 68 responses. These responses were then separated by above average and below average participation in problem solving meetings. Hypothesis testing was done on the total group and separately on the problem-solving group. Employee participation in decision making and psychological safety were found to correlate highly with Contribution in meetings for both groups. Psychological safety was found to be of even greater importance to problem solving group. This study demonstrates that to increase contribution in meetings, leaders should provide a psychologically safe climate where employees share in the decision making. Furthermore, a psychologically safe environment is critical in problem solving meetings where members of different disciplines with low familiarity take part.
This master thesis investigates drivers and barriers of innovation workshops for an intercultural participant group. Actively dealing with innovation management is considered vital for companies which are acting on competing markets. An innovation workshop is a useful tool in order to foster innovation ability, develop innovative ideas and drive innovation forward. Intercultural participant groups are not only a common challenge in today's business world but also entail several benefits as they incorporate diverse knowledge bases and perspectives and hence contribute to the ideation and innovation process. Within the master thesis a broad variety of barriers and drivers are evaluated. Main barriers of innovation workshops for an intercultural participant group are high conflict potential, miscommunication, language barriers, a lack of management support, no agreement on workshop objectives as well as poor workshop preparation, organization and facilitation. Main drivers of innovation workshops for an intercultural participant group are a heterogeneous group composition, intercultural competence of the facilitator, the opening up of mindset silos, an intensive workshop preparation and empathetic facilitation. These drivers and barriers build the basis for the determination of success factors and recommendations for action for organizers and facilitators of an innovation workshop for an intercultural participant group. In the further course of the paper an exemplary workshop design will be presented as a guideline and framework for managerial practice
Data is the new oil,” said British Mathematician and Tesco marketing mastermind Clive Humbly1. Data has also been described as the backbone of digital retail enterprises2 and the currency of the digital age. Whether these statements live up to be true is debatable, but what is certain is the fact that the internet age has contributed to the avalanche of data witnessed today. In a century dominated by predictive analysis and artificial intelligence, it is no surprise that by the end of the last decade, data companies Apple, Amazon and Microsoft closed as the world´s first trillion-dollar companies, with their revenues dwarfing economies of several countries across the globe.3The recognition of the importance of data in today´s economy bears with it the responsibility to protecting its owners. While this intricate balance has long been the subject of legal analysis the General Data Protection Regulation, 2018, is hailed as the world´s most comprehensive and strict data protection regime currently in force. In addition to protecting the personal data of persons from its member countries, the Regulation also seeks to ensure the same protection accompanies any data transferred out of the European Union to other countries. It is almost 5 years since the Regulation was passed and process of implementation into business operations an important topic of discussion. Of importance to this study are the Modernized Standard Contractual Clauses, a tool of data transfer to countries outside the EU, which replace the three sets of SCCs adopted by the now repealed Data Protection Directive 94/46. These Standard Contractual Clauses came into effect on 27th September 2021, and companies have until 27th September 2022 to rely on the old set of clauses. With this deadline coming up, how far have the clauses been integrated into operations by businesses in Austria and the EU?
The rapidly evolving nature of Industry 4.0 has confronted corporates with the challenge of being able to react rapidly and nimbly (Van Solingen, 2020). Hence, many corporates need to embark on a journey of adaptation toward becoming agile organisations (Schmitz, 2018). However, this adaptation can only be achieved if employees fully commit to changing to an agile posture, and the required commitment is simply not forthcoming without proper corporate initiatives (Neves & Caetano, 2009). As there is no holistic summary of corporate initiatives required to boost employees' commitment to change when approaching an agile transformation, this study supplements the current research. The initiatives are derived from the existing literature and from unique insights given into a European automotive supplier that is currently managing a global agile transformation. Employees’ perceptions of the transformation in Austria and China were recorded and conclusions regarding what drives employees’ commitment to change and what led to job terminations were determined.
Fear of failure is a major factor influencing entrepreneurial actions. Since the female quota for startups and self-employment is still lower than for men, the aim is to determine the extent to which the fear of failure is incorporated into the entrepreneurial actions of women in Austria. The trailblazer and pioneer in female entrepreneurship America is used as an international benchmark for evaluation. A quantitative survey was conducted among women from Austria and America on their fears of failure related to self-employment and their aspirations to become self-employed. There were significant differences in the quantitative study between self-employed and non-self-employed women, irrespective of their country of origin. As a result, recommendations for action were created to reduce the influence of Fear of Failure on entrepreneurial actions of Austrian women.
The impact of organizational citizenship behavior for the environment on corporate sustainability
(2022)
Today, many businesses increasingly engage in pro-environmental activities to face environmental challenges such as pollution or climate change. In addition to formal management practices, employees are impacting environmental advances with voluntary pro-environmental activities, also known as Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment. The purpose of this master thesis is to explore factors that could influence employees’ engagement in Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment. For this aim, five semi-structured interviews were carried out with multinational corporations from the DACHL region. The results show that certain leadership styles, corporate culture, a sustainability-driven mindset, environmental concern, communication and motivation can influence employees’ engagement in Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment. In addition, the cumulative effect of small initiatives seems to considerably impact environmental sustainability. In contrast to past research on this topic, this study takes a qualitative approach to explore different influencing factors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment. In addition, the study focuses on businesses located in the DACHL region.
Projects, in which software products, services, systems and solutions are developed, all rely on the right requirements to be established. Software requirements are the expression of user wants or needs that have to be addressed, business objectives that have to be met, as well as capabilities and functionality that has to be developed. Meanwhile, practice shows that very often incorrect, unclear or incomplete requirements are established, which causes major problems for such projects. It could lead to budget overruns, missed deadlines and overall failure in worst-case scenarios.
The field of requirements engineering emerged as an answer to these shortcomings, aiming to systematize and streamline the process that
establishes requirements. Requirements elicitation is a key component of this process, and one of its starting points. The current thesis attempts to outline best practices in requirements elicitation, as well as what issues, obstacles and challenges are currently faced, and then present this through the lens of national culture. In this way its effects on the practice, if any, could be highlighted and studied further. The way this was achieved was by interviewing practitioners from two nations, which are shown to be
culturally different, and then comparing and contrasting the findings.
Meanwhile, the validity of those findings was enhanced by comparisons with existing literature.
Even though the findings were not compelling enough to form generalizations or concrete conclusions about the effects of national culture on requirements elicitation, these findings revealed patterns that could be worth exploring further. When it comes to requirements elicitation itself, it was observed to benefit from a structured and systematic approach, and be
most effective with one-on-one, instead of group interactions. The main pain points of the process stem from the complexity of communication, but are not always obvious. Practitioners are also advised to carefully plan the gathering of requirements, as the source may not have them readily available, and could even be unclear about what exactly is needed. Overall, this thesis research could be considered successful in its goal to shed a modicum of light on the issue at hand from a different, underexplored angle. By following a systematic and methodical approach, this research has also been made easier to expand or replicate.
Power cables play an important role in power grids. Insulation faults in cables can have adverse effects on the operating behaviour. These effects can be assessed through an AC withstand test by using a very-low frequency high voltage generator. This generator produces a sinusoidal voltage waveform at 0.1Hz with high voltage levels up to 65kV peak. During the quality assessment, the power cable is repeatedly charged and discharged. The discharging process is done by a discharging circuit where the energy is dissipated thermally. But to reuse the dissipated energy a novel extension in form of an energy storage system is presented. This thesis, therefore, describes the design process of an energy storage system that allows the temporary storage of the discharge energy. The developed system is composed of a bidirectional DC/DC converter and an aluminium electrolytic capacitor as storage type. Based on the maximum VLF system ratings the energy storage unit is dimensioned and sized. The effective power flow control between the storage system and the available discharge energy is done by a synchronous buck-boost converter. This bidirectional converter works in continuous conduction mode over the complete charging phase. Together with a theoretical analysis of the underlying problem and the use of converter analysis methods the selected synchronous buck-boost converter is dimensioned and sized. In addition, a state space AC modeling of the converter with its electrical uncertainties is conducted. With the converters AC model, the controller is designed. A closed-loop input converter current control scheme based on a proportional-integral controller is implemented. The system assessment is done by a model-based hardware implementation in Matlab Simulink and Plecs Blockset. The system is rated to store discharge energies up to 4.3kJ in a short charging period of 2.5s. The maximum peak power during the charging phase is 2.7kW. The digital proportional-integral controller is implemented through an emulation process of the designed analog controller. Based on a C-code implementation of the digital controller the gap between the real hardware is reduced. During the design process theoretical calculations are made and reveal that designing a capacitor storage unit has a direct impact on the peak system currents and also impose also limitations on permissible DC voltage ranges on electrical components. The developed energy storage system and its power flow control strategy were investigated through simulation studies. The results show proper charging of the energy storage medium. In addition, also a statement of the final technical feasibility is made. In total, this work summarizes a detailed design process of the energy storage system. This proof of concept is intended to further advance the system integration.
Development of a low pressure syringe pump for detecting cannabinoids through liquid chromatography
(2022)
The following thesis covers the miniaturization and characterization of a pneumatic syringe pump, which is used for applications in low-pressure liquid chromatography. For this purpose, the components of the prototype are dealt with in the first section. These include the membrane pump and the cylinder for pressure and force generation, the syringe used for sample preparation and the construction of the test column. Furthermore, the pressure preparation on the cylinder, the friction losses of the syringe and then the behavior of the syringe in various application scenarios are considered. In the second section, the focus is on the different behaviors when using water and ethanol as a solvent. Tests in normal applications, as well as with air pockets or leaking seals, show the different behavior and the resulting deviations in the test pressure of the column. In addition, the maximum forces that can be applied to the syringe are worked out in several tests and the different maximum pressures, which depend on the solvent contained, are evaluated. These different maximum pressures, which are due to the different sealing behavior in connection with the surface tension of the liquid, will be discussed in conclusion. An outlook follows, up to which test pressures the system can be used and how these can be achieved.
This master’s thesis provides an overview of a more efficient, future-oriented living concept in Dornbirn, Austria. The use of a combined heat and power unit (CHP), in combination with a thermal storage, as a heating system is specifically investigated. In order to make this heating system more attractive for the consumer, the sale of the generated electricity from the CHP is considered. The more efficient use of energy for heating increases the attractiveness by a minimisation of the living space. This master’s thesis aims to draw attention to the issue and to achieve a rethinking in the planning of future living space. For the research and elaboration of this thesis, statistics and trustworthy literature were used, and physical modelling was applied. This Master’s thesis can be assigned to the fields of energy technology, mechatronics, architecture and civil engineering. It contributes for students, researchers, and other interested person in these sectors.
The detection of glucose is an essential part of diabetes management and can help to prevent secondary diseases, that can occur as a result of diabetes. For this reason, it is important to improve the current glucose monitoring by developing novel sensors with high efficiency, low cost and compact design. The use of microelectrodes with interdigitated array (IDA) structures reduces the total detector size while providing benefits such as large currents, high sensitivity, and fast response. The aim of this thesis is to develop a novel sensor based on platinum interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes and to investigate which method is most effective for the detection of glucose. This work is divided into two parts. The first part is focused on the design and the fabrication of the sensor chips. The second part is concerned with the electrochemical characterisation of the sensors. Two distinct sensor designs are created, each consisting of a four-electrode system arranged as an interdigitated array. For the fabrication of the sensors, two different manufacturing processes are used. A lift-off process is used to fabricate the 2 μm-Gap sensor chips, whereas a lift-off free process is applied to produce the nanogap sensor chips. The electrochemical characterisation of both sensor chips is achieved by the immobilisation of the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) on the electrode surface. This thesis investigates the immobilisation of GOx by reduction of diazonium salts and the direct immobilisation of GOx by cyclic voltammetry. As a result of this work, it has been demonstrated that glucose detection by reduction of diazonium salts is error-prone due to modification with a multi-step procedure and is not suitable for our sensors based on platinum IDA electrodes. The direct immobilisation of GOx by cyclic voltammetry, by contrast, demonstrates the successful detection of glucose. In glucose solutions ranging from 5 mM to 20 mM, a direct correlation between the glucose concentration and the measured current is obtained. The reproducibility of direct immobilization is demonstrated by repeated performance with various sensors.
In today’s world, fiber optic networks for data transmission are an essential technology. This technology provides multiple advantages compared to conventional electrical data transmission. The simultaneous transmission of multiple optical signals in a single fiber is one of the main benefits of fiber optic cable. This is accomplished by directing the different optical signals into a single fibre and splitting them up after the transmission in order to obtain the individual signals. Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWGs) are used for this purpose in modern optical networks. Design and evaluation process are two components of AWG development. During the evaluation of several simulated and already manufactured AWGs for telecommunication applications, it was discovered that the channel spacing parameter does not conform telecommunication standards. The correct shift of the geometric parameter ”separation of the output waveguides” leads to the standard-conform channel spacing.
According to the current state of the art, no commercial tool is available which calculates the shift of this parameter correctly. The aim of this thesis is the development of a software tool to calculate the accurate shifting of the geometric parameter ”separation of the output waveguides” of an AWG. This tool operates as an interface between the design and evaluation processes and must be able to import the data format of the evaluation process and returns the data in a suitable data format for the design process. The Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences uses three different methods for the shifting of the geometric parameter ”separation of the output waveguides”. These methods are evaluated and optimised as part of this thesis. Additionally, it has been determined that the shift of the geometric parameter ”separation of the output waveguides” has no significant impact on the performance of the AWG.
Erosion due to cavitation is a common problem for any kind of water turbine. Most of the currently used techniques to detect cavitation are using an Acoustic Emission (AE) sensor and highspeed cameras during operation. For the pelton wheel which is subject of this thesis it is impossible to take pictures during operation, because of the splashing water and the mist. Therefore this thesis aims to explore possibilities in detecting erosion on the buckets of the pelton wheel on images taken during manual inspections. Since the provided images are snapshots taken with a mobile phone camera without a tripod, a lot of effort was invested in the preprocessing of the images. For the main task, the classification of the erosion, two methods were evaluated: Local Binary Patterns (LBP) + kN-earest neighbor classification and the classification with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The given 2405 images, contained 4810 buckets on which the erosion was graded from zero to four. This means the baseline for the classification accuracy is 20%. LBP + kNearest neighbor classification scored 32.03%. The chosen CNN model, a light version of the Xception architecture outperformed the LBP + kNearest classification with 58,29%. The biggest issue found during research is the variance of the erosion grading by the maintainance personnel. Reasons for this are: no objective grading critera like the area of erosion in mm2, classification by different employees, a shift in grading from overall bucket condition to erosion from cavitation and too many classes for grading. The mentioned reasons were confirmed by the manual classification experiment were an IllwerkeVKW employee had to perform the grading on images of the dataset. The contestants accuracy score was 36% for this task. The result of 58,29% classification accuracy indicates that an automated grading of erosion by cavitation is feasible.
Skiing is one of the most popular winter sports in the world and especially in the alps. As the skiers enjoy their time on the slopes the most annoying thing that could happen is long waiting times at a lift. Unfortunately, because of climate changes, this happens more regularly because smaller skiing areas at lower altitudes have to close and the number of good skiing days decreases as well. This leads to a increase in the number of skiers in the skiing areas which inevitably leads to longer waiting times and dissatisfied skiers. To prevent this from happening, the carriers of the skiing areas have to manage the skiers flow and distribution and what better way to analyse the current situation and possible changes then by simulating the whole area. A simulation has the advantage of being flexible with regards to time as well as configuration. Be it simulating a skiing day and look into detail of the behaviour of a single skier and how it moves in the area by simulating in real time or setting the focus to the whole area and find out when and where queues are forming throughout the whole day by speeding up the time and simulate the day in only seconds, everything is possible. Even simulating a scenario where some part of the area is closed and the skiers cannot take specific lifts due to some technical error or some slopes because of to less snow. By simulating and analysing all these scenarios not only does the experts of the skiing area gain valuable statistical information about the area but can also simulate changes to the system like a crowd fl ow control or an increase or decrease in capacity of a lift. The simulation built in context with this work for the skiing area of Mellau shows all those applications but can also be used as a basis for further improvements of the skiing area or be expanded to other areas like Damüls. The simulation was implemented using the Anylogic simulation environment and the statistical evaluation was also performed in this program.
Systems are constantly increasing in complexity. This poses challenges to managing and using system knowledge. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is a modeling language specifically for systems, while Machine Learning (ML) is a tool to tackle complex problems. Currently, no bridge between systems modelled in SysML and ML regarding said systems has been proposed in literature. This thesis presents an approach that uses Model-driven Software Engineering (MDSE) and Template-based Code Generation (TBCG) to generate a ML IPython Notebook (IPYNB) from a SysML model. A mapping configuration using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) allows the definition of mappings between SysML elements and template variables, enabling configuration and user-supplied templates. To test the approach, a SysML model describing ML to predict the weather based on data is created. Python ML templates are supplied and template variables mapped with the JSON mapping configuration are proposed in the thesis. The outcome is an executable IPYNB that contains all information from the SysML model and follows the modelled workflow. The findings of the work show that model-driven ML using SysML as a modeling language is beneficial due to the representation of ML knowledge in a general-purpose modeling language and the reusability of SysML model elements. It further shows that TBCG and a mapping configuration allow for more flexible code generation without changing the source implementation.