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Femtosecond laser ablation on Si generates 2D ripple structures, known as laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) and pinholes. We fabricated membranes with 20 to 50 μm thickness perforated by an array of tapered pinholes up to 5 μm in diameter and 10 to 20 μm spacing. Within several micrometer the pinholes transform into hollow photonic waveguides with constant diameter from 1μm to 2μm. Such structures offer a 3D photonic coupling device for polymer Y-branch- and MMI-splitter. We measured a considerable change of electrical resistivity for 500 ppm H2 in air using Si/SiO2/TiO2 substrates with 2D LIPSS. We propose to investigate 3D waveguide arrays also for photonic-chemical sensors.
Fabrication of interdigitated electrode arrays for biosensors by advanced mask aligner lithography
(2016)
Aufgrund des weltweit hohen Wasserverbrauches und des steigenden Rückganges des Grundwassers, wird die Aufbereitung von Abwasser in Zukunft eine immer größere Rolle spielen. Neben großen industriellen Anlagen werden auch dezentrale und mobile Techniken benötigt, um in ländlichen Regionen oder der Schiffahrt Abwässer aufbereiten zu können. In der Schiffahrt treten vor allem ölverschmutzte Abwässer auf. Diese Masterarbeit befasst sich mit dem Betrieb eines Befeuchtungs-Entfeuchtungsprozesses mit Öl-Wasser-Emulsionen. Es wird der Einffluss der Ölkonzentration auf die Prozessparameter sowie die Reinheit des Kondensates und die Effizienz des Prozesses untersucht. Dabei werden mit einem Versuchsstand an der Fachhochschule Vorarlberg Messungen durchgeführt. Anhand der Ergebnisse wird auf das Verhalten des Befeuchtungs-Entfeuchtungsprozesses geschlossen.
Als Öl-Wasser-Emulsion wird eine Mischung aus Paraffinöl und Wasser verwendet, wobei die Mischung auf Volumenprozent basiert. Die Öl-Wasser-Gemische werden in verschiedenen Versuchsreihen in einer Versuchsanlage an der Fachhochschule Vorarlberg betrieben, welche als Befeuchtungs- und Entfeuchtungsanlage konzipiert ist. Dabei wird die Betriebsweise (Batch und kontinuierlich), die Ölkonzentration in der Emulsion und die Prozessparameter wie z. B. Beheizungsleistung variiert. Batch-Versuche werden auf die Konzentration, den Füllstand, die Kondensatproduktion und die Temperaturen über die Zeit betrachtet. Im kontinuierlichen Betrieb wird bei stationärer Betriebsführung die Wärmeübertragung im Befeuchter, Ölrückstände im Kondensat, den Einfluss der Ölkonzentration auf den Dampfdruck der Emulsion, den Einfluss der Ölkonzentration auf die einzubringende Wärmeleistung und die Gained Output Ratio (GOR) der Anlage untersucht. Zudem wird über verschiedene Integrationsansätze die ausgetragene Kondensatmenge ermittelt und mit den gewogenen Werten verglichen. Die Messungen zeigen, dass sich der Befeuchtungs-Entfeuchtungsprozess für die Reinigung von Ölwassern eignet. Eine Aufkonzentrierung der Öl-Wasser-Emulsion ist bis zu ca. 95% möglich. Die steigende Ölkonzentration senkt den Wärmeübergang im Blasensäulenbefeuchter. Bei allen produzierten Kondensatmengen werden Ölrückstände festgestellt, wobei die Ölkonzentration im Kondensat unabhängig von der Ölkonzentration der Emulsion ist. Durch die schlechtere Wärmeübertragung mit steigender Ölkonzentration wird auch der Wärmeeinsatz erhöht. Die GOR wird ab einer Ölkonzentration von 50% in der Emulsion beeinflusst. Eine mathematische Berechnung der Kondensatmenge ist möglich. Dadurch kann auf die Wasserverluste in der Anlage geschlossen werden. Es ist möglich Öl-Wasser-Emulsionen im Befeuchtungs-Entfeuchtungsprozess aufzubereiten. Bei höheren Ölkonzentrationen der Emulsion können lokale Probleme mit Wärmestauungen auftreten. Somit ist eine gut geplante Prozessführung anhand der gezeigten Ergebnisse vorteilhaft.
Die in dieser Arbeit ermittelten Ergebnisse sind für die weitere Forschung mit Öl-Wasser-Emulsionen im Befeuchtungs-Entfeuchtungsprozess hilfreich. Die Messungen zeigen, welche Einflüsse die Ölkonzentration auf den Anlagenbetrieb und die Eigenschaften der Emulsion haben. Die auftretenden Messschwierigkeiten können in weiterführenden Messungen gezielt vermieden oder adjustiert werden.
Hot water heat pumps are well suited for demand side management, as the heat pump market faced a rapid growth in the past years with the trend to decentralized domestic hot water use. Sales were accelerated through wants and needs of energy conservation, energy efficiency, and less restrictive rules regarding Legionella. While in literature the model predictive control potential for heat pumps is commonly shown in simulations, the share of experimental studies is relatively low. To this day, experimental studies considering solely domestic hot water use are not available. In this paper, the realistic achievable model predictive control potential of a hot water heat pump is compared to the standard hysteresis control, to provide an experimental proof. We show for the first time, how state-of-the-art approaches (model predictive control, system identification, live state estimation, and demand prediction) can be transferred from electric hot water heaters to hot water heat pumps, combined, and implemented into a real-world hot water heat pump setup. The optimization approach, embedded in a realistic experimental setting, leads to a decrease in electric energy demand and cost per unit electricity by approximately 12% and 14%, respectively. Further, an increase in efficiency by approximately 13% has been achieved.
Experimental multi-state quantum discrimination in the frequency domain with quantum dot light
(2022)
The quest for the realization of effective quantum state discrimination strategies is of great interest for quantum information technology, as well as for fundamental studies. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new and more efficient methods to implement discrimination protocols for quantum states. Among the others, single photon implementations are more advisable, because of their inherent security advantage in quantum communication scenarios. In this work, we present the experimental realization of a protocol employing a time-multiplexing strategy to optimally discriminate among eight non-orthogonal states, encoded in the four-dimensional Hilbert space spanning both the polarization degree of freedom and photon energy. The experiment, built on a custom-designed bulk optics analyser setup and single photons generated by a nearly deterministic solid-state source, represents a benchmarking example of minimum error discrimination with actual quantum states, requiring only linear optics and two photodetectors to be realized. Our work paves the way for more complex applications and delivers a novel approach towards high-dimensional quantum encoding and decoding operations.
Modern portable electronic devices have seen component heat load increasing, while the space available for heat dissipation has decreased. This requires the thermal management system to be optimized to attain the high performance heat sink. Heat sinks plays a major role for dissipating heat in electronic devices. Phase change material (PCM) is used to enhance the heat dissipation in heat sink. This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation of the performance of Pin fin heat sinks filled with phase change materials for thermal management of electronic devices. The experimental set ups are prepared with the graphical programming language with Lab VIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instruments for Engineering Workbench. Three different types of Pin fin Heat sink with and without PCM are investigated based on different operational timings and the temperature is acquired with the help of Data Acquisition Card (DAQ). The results indicated that the inclusion of the PCM could stabilize the temperature for a longer period and reduce the heating rates and peak temperatures of heat sink with increasing the number of fins can enhance the thermal performance of electronic devices.
The humidification-dehumidification process (HDH) for desalination is a promising technology to address water scarcity issues in rural regions. However, a low humidifier efficiency is a weakness of the process. Bubble column humidifiers (BCH) are promising for HDH, as they provide enhanced heat and mass transfer and have low maintenance requirements. Previous studies of HDH-systems with BCHs draw different conclusions regarding the impact of superficial air velocity and liquid height on the humidification. Furthermore, the impact of flow characteristics has never been investigated systematically at all. In this study, an optimized BCH test setup that allows for optical analysis of the humidifier is used and evaluated. Our test setup is validated, since the influence of water temperature on the humidification, which is exponential, is reproduced. Measurements with seawater show that the normalised system productivity is increased by about 56 % with an increase in superficial air velocity from 0.5 to 5 cm/s. Furthermore, the system productivity is increased by around 29 % with an increase in liquid height from 60 to 378 mm. While the impact of superficial air velocity can be traced back to temperature changes at the humidifier and dehumidifier outlets, the impact of liquid height is shown to be caused by a smaller heat loss surface in the humidifier with an increase in liquid height. For the impact of sieve plate orifice diameter, a clear influence on the humidification is not apparent, this parameter needs to be investigated further. Finally, our new test setup allows for analysing the humidification of air (1) in a systematic way, (2) in relevant measurement ranges and (3) in comparison with optical analyses of the flow characteristics.
The humidification dehumidification (HDH) cycle is a process for thermal water treatment. Many studies were carried out investigating operation of an HDH cycle with water and seawater as working liquid. Currently research into other areas of application is limited. Exchanging the working liquid in the humidifier from seawater to a water oil emulsion and investigating its behavioural changes is the basis for the expansion into applications such as bilge water treatment. This master’s thesis covers analysis of the behaviour of an HDH cycle operated with a water oil emulsion. The main elements are (1) proof of concept for operation of the HDH cycle with a water oil emulsion, (2) comparison of measurements and thermodynamic calculations, (3) investigation of the impact of operating parameters and (4) optical analysis of the bubbly flow in water and oil.
Operation of the HDH cycle using water oil emulsion was shown to be feasible with a small change to the setup previously used for investigations with seawater as working liquid. To keep the emulsion from separating into its individual parts, constant movement of the working liquid needs to be ensured. For this a magnetic stirrer was introduced into the bubble column humidifier (BCH) used. In a batch process an oil concentration of >97 % was reached without visible traces of oil in the produced condensate.
Comparison of the measured and thermodynamically evaluated productivity shows that measured productivity is higher. The proposed explanation for this is supersaturation of air at the BCH exit. Further investigation into this phenomenon is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Influential parameters investigated are (1) liquid temperature, (2) superficial air velocity and (3) sieve plate orifice diameter. Increase of liquid temperature results in an exponential increase in productivity. At superficial air velocities up to 3 cm/s productivity increases with superficial air velocity. For superficial air velocities higher than 3 cm/s productivity plateaus. At low superficial air velocity, an increase of sieve plate orifice diameter results in increasing productivity. Further increase of the sieve plate orifice diameter inverses this phenomenon.
Bubbly flow in water and oil is influenced by the different viscosities of the liquids. Water creates small bubbles of similar size at low superficial air velocities. At superficial air velocities >2 cm/s turbulences start to increase and finely dispersed bubbles are present in the water. Bubbly flow in oil creates larger bubbles at all superficial air velocities. The airflow transitions to plug flow at velocities of 3 cm/s and above.
Result from this master’s thesis can be used for as a basis to broaden the understanding of the HDH cycle and find new areas of applications.
Moving from one country to another, from one cultural context to a different one comes with many challenges and problems. The expatriate adjustment process, in general, has been evaluated extensively in the literature. Little is known if the knowledge in the literature is also valid for the situation of expatriates in rural Vorarlberg. In this paper was examined, which are the most common problems for highly skilled immigrants that are moving to Vorarlberg. In a mixed-method approach, information was gathered with an online questionnaire whose results served as a basis for a series of semi-structured interviews. In addition, an expert talk with a local relocation consultant was conducted. It was found that by far, the most severe difficulty is based on the domestic language situation. An expatriate needs to talk and understand German, but the local language is an Alemannic subsection of the German language that is not easy to understand. Additional difficulties that cause culture shock are limited opening hours, mobility troubles, and several others. The awareness about the composing of these problems might help to find the appropriate measures to support expatriates to come in the future.
Für die Digitale Fabrik an der FH Vorarlberg sollen Intrusion-Detection-Systeme (IDS) zur Erkennung von Angriffen auf Hosts sowie im Netzwerk evaluiert werden. Außerdem sollen die aus den IDS erhaltenen Resultate so dargestellt werden, damit Systemadministratorinnen rapide Entscheidungen bezüglich der generierten Alarme treffen können. Um dies zu gewährleisten sollen neben den IDS zusätzlich entsprechende Visualisierungstools evaluiert werden. In dieser Arbeit werden dazu unterschiedliche signatur- sowie auch anomaliebasierte Netzwerk- und Host-IDS technisch beschrieben und anhand von Kriterien, welche aus den Anforderungen abgeleitet werden, bewertet. Zusätzlich wird die Genauigkeit der IDS durch Testen von spezifischen Angriffen ermittelt. Außerdem werden potenzielle Tools für die Darstellung von Alarmen aus den IDS vorgestellt und ebenfalls anhand den Anforderungen aufgezeigt, welches am geeignetsten ist. Abschließend werden alle Probleme sowie Erkenntnisse aufgezeigt, welche während der Evaluierung auftraten und erläutert, wie diese Arbeit fortgeführt werden kann.
This thesis evaluates the feasibility of conducting visual inspection tests on power industry constructions using object detection techniques. The introduction provides an overview of this field’s state-of-the-art technologies and approaches. For the implementation, a case study is then conducted, which is done in collaboration with the partner company OMICRON Electronics GmbH, focusing on power transformers as an example. The objective is to develop an inspection test using photographs to identify power transformers and their subcomponents and detect existing rust spots and oil leaks within these components. Three object detection models are trained: one for power transformers and sub-components, one for rust detection, and one for oil leak detection. The training process utilizes the implementation of the YOLOv5 algorithm on a Linux-based workstation with an NVIDIA Quadro RTX 4000 GPU. The power transformer model is trained on a dataset provided by the partner company, while open-source datasets are used for rust and oil leak detection. The study highlights the need for a more powerful GPU to enhance training experiments and utilizes an Azure DevOps Pipeline to optimize the workflow. The performance of the power transformer detection model is satisfactory but influenced by image angles and an imbalance of certain sub-components in the dataset. Multi-angle video footage is a proposed solution for the inspection test to address this limitation and increase the size of the dataset, focusing on reducing the imbalance. The models trained on open-source datasets demonstrate the potential for rust and oil leak detection but lack accuracy due to their generic nature. Therefore, the datasets must be adjusted with case-specific data to achieve the desired accuracy for reliable visual inspection tests. The results of the case study have been well-received by the partner company’s management, indicating future development opportunities. This case study will likely be a foundation for implementing visual inspection tests as a product.
In the residential construction industry, the focus on energy efficiency and cost effectiveness has been gaining importance. In order to achieve these contradicting objectives, a shift towards a reduced complexity in building practices can be observed.
Within the HVAC sector, the Tempering method for space heating has received particular attention as an alternative way to heat museums and buildings worthy of preservation.
In spite of the simplified design, this space heating system is claimed to offer significant advantages in its present field of application.
This study evaluates the implementation of Tempering in the residential context. So far, there is no scientific research on the implementation of Tempering in energy efficient-dwellings.
This master thesis provides initial results on achievable heat flux values, the impact on heat generation efficiency, the inherent installation costs as well as the particular
consequences in terms of end energy consumption of the building as a whole. The findings are compared to the individual performances of well-established heat emission approaches.
By means of a numerical analysis and a case study on a real-case single-family home, it is found that the heat flux values of Tempering systems suffice for the implementation within buildings, which comply with the low-energy building standard. Comparing radiant walls, radiant floors and radiators, the inherent installation costs are lowest for Tempering and radiant floors. The impact on the end energy consumption depends largely on the utilised heat generation system. With a gas-condensing boiler, Tempering performs equal to the radiant systems. When a ground source heat pump system is installed, however, Tempering performs poorly and accounts for a significantly increased energy consumption. Radiator systems are found to be the most energy-efficient method for space heating in both cases.
The Fast Average Current Mode control methodology is a novel method for the implementation of a current compensator in a switched-mode power supply. It does not require compensation against sub-harmonic instability and is inductor independent. In this work, the digital implementation of this topology is compared against an analog implementation using simulation. Additionally, a hardware prototype is created to validate the digital simulation's results. In a Simulink environment, parameters of the digital implementation, such as the digital-to-analog converter resolutions and the delay counter frequency are varied to research their impact on system performance. The simulations show that a digital current compensator has similar performance as an analog implementation when designed tailored to the application. When evaluating the whole control loop the digital system is inferior due to added delays caused by digital to analog conversion. By operating the Buck converter hardware implementation as a current source, the functionality of the current mode control implementation in a FPGA was proven. Voltage control cannot be validated due to hardware issues. Due to the successful simulation of the source code with a mixed signal model of the converter, it can be assumed that it is functional. Apart from performance, a digital implementation shows many benefits compared to an analog solution, such as configurability of control parameters and easy compensation of component variations and aging.
Die vorliegende Arbeit betrachtet in wie weit die analysierten Berichterstattungen ausgewählter ATX Unternehmen die zukünftig zwingend zu erfüllenden europäischen Nachhaltigkeitsberichterstattungsstandards (ESRS) bereits in den Berichterstattungen des Geschäftsjahres 2022 erfüllen. Hierzu wird zuerst eine Einbettung der ESRS in die rechtliche Landkarte und deren Umsetzungszeitraum beschrieben, bevor die Gliederung und einzelnen ESRS vorgestellt werden. Der empirische Teil untersucht mittels einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse die Berichterstattungen ausgewählter ATX Unternehmen hinlänglich der Einhaltung der im ersten Schritt der Umsetzung zwingend zu berücksichtigenden ESRS. Dabei geht die Auswertung sowohl auf Unterschiede zwischen den Berichten, sowie berichtsübergreifend auf die einzelnen Standards ein.
Ethikorientiert entscheiden
(2021)
Diese vorliegende Masterarbeit untersucht die Herausforderungen, vor denen kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMUs) stehen, um den künftigen ESG-Anforderungen (Umwelt, Soziales, Governance) von Banken bei der Kreditvergabe gerecht zu werden. Anhand einer umfassen-den Literaturanalyse sowie einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse mittels Experteninterviews werden verschiedene Aspekte beleuchtet, darunter bankenregulatorische Vorschriften, Auswirkungen der ESG-Implementierung auf Kreditkonditionen und Kreditwürdigkeit, Vorbereitungsstrategien für KMUs und abgeleitete Handlungsempfehlungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Integration von ESG-Kriterien in den Kreditprüfungsprozess eine ganzheitlichere Bewertung der Rückzahlungsfähigkeit ermöglicht und positive Auswirkungen auf die Kreditwürdigkeit haben kann. Jedoch sind die praktischen Auswirkungen auf Kreditkonditionen und -entscheidungen noch begrenzt und erfordern weitere Untersuchungen. Die Arbeit verdeutlicht auch die Bedeutung von ESG-Kompetenzen, Datenmanagement und einer Anpassung der Geschäftsmodelle von KMUs, um den ESG-Anforderungen gerecht zu werden. Die Ergebnisse bieten wertvolle Erkenntnisse für KMUs, um proaktiv ESG-Aspekte zu berücksichtigen und zu managen.