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Keywords
The Digital Factory Vorarlberg is the youngest Research Center of Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences. In the lab of the research center a research and learning factory has been established for educating students and employees of industrial partners. Showcases and best practice scenarios for various topics of digitalization in the manufacturing industry are demonstrated. In addition, novel methods and technologies for digital production, cloud-based manufacturing, data analytics, IT- and OT-security or digital twins are being developed. The factory comprises only a minimum core of logistics and fabrication processes to guarantee manageability within an academic setup. As a product, fidget spinners are being fabricated. A webshop allows customers to individually design their products and directly place orders in the factory. A centralized SCADA-System is the core data hub for the factory. Various data analytic tools and methods and a novel database for IoT-applications are connected to the SCADA-System. As an alternative to on premise manufacturing, orders can be pushed into a cloud-based manufacturing platform, which has been developed at the Digital Factory. A broker system allows fabrication in distributed facilities and offers various optimization services. Concepts, such as outsourcing product configuration to customers or new types of engineering services in cloud-based manufacturing can be explored and demonstrated. In this paper, we present the basic concept of the Digital Factory Vorarlberg, as well as some of the newly developed topics.
Investigation of non-uniformly emitting optical fiber diffusers on the light distribution in tissue
(2020)
The humidification-dehumidification process (HDH) for desalination is a promising technology to address water scarcity issues in rural regions. However, a low humidifier efficiency is a weakness of the process. Bubble column humidifiers (BCH) are promising for HDH, as they provide enhanced heat and mass transfer and have low maintenance requirements. Previous studies of HDH-systems with BCHs draw different conclusions regarding the impact of superficial air velocity and liquid height on the humidification. Furthermore, the impact of flow characteristics has never been investigated systematically at all. In this study, an optimized BCH test setup that allows for optical analysis of the humidifier is used and evaluated. Our test setup is validated, since the influence of water temperature on the humidification, which is exponential, is reproduced. Measurements with seawater show that the normalised system productivity is increased by about 56 % with an increase in superficial air velocity from 0.5 to 5 cm/s. Furthermore, the system productivity is increased by around 29 % with an increase in liquid height from 60 to 378 mm. While the impact of superficial air velocity can be traced back to temperature changes at the humidifier and dehumidifier outlets, the impact of liquid height is shown to be caused by a smaller heat loss surface in the humidifier with an increase in liquid height. For the impact of sieve plate orifice diameter, a clear influence on the humidification is not apparent, this parameter needs to be investigated further. Finally, our new test setup allows for analysing the humidification of air (1) in a systematic way, (2) in relevant measurement ranges and (3) in comparison with optical analyses of the flow characteristics.
Autonome Steuerung für das Demand Side Management von Wärmepumpenboilern mit linearer Optimierung
(2020)
Wärmepumpen, im Speziellen Wärmepumpenboiler, stellen mit ihrer thermischen Speicherkapazität eine gute Möglichkeit für autonome verbraucherseitige Laststeuerung (Autonomes Demand Side Management ADSM) dar. Zudem gewinnt diese Art der Brauchwarmwassererzeugung durch ihren dezentralen Ansatz und das Auskommen ohne fossile Energieträger im privaten Wohnbau immer mehr an Bedeutung. In Kombination mit staatlichen Fördergeldern ist die Anzahl verkaufter Einheiten in den letzten 5 Jahren am deutschen Markt um circa 25 % gestiegen. Obwohl das Lastverschiebungspotenzial von Wärmepumpenboilern unter Anwendung von Optimierungsalgorithmen in der Literatur theoretisch nachgewiesen ist, fehlen Verifikationen unter realen Bedingungen. Diese Arbeit will einerseits das theoretische Potential aufzeigen und andererseits mit dem vorgestellten Laborversuch einen Beitrag dazu liefern, die Verifikationslücke zu schließen. Für die Untersuchung im Labor wird ein handelsüblicher Wärmepumpenboiler bestehend aus einer Luft-Wärmepumpe und einem 300 Liter Warmwasserspeicher mit Sensoren und Aktoren ausgestattet. Insgesamt vier Temperatursensoren befinden sich am Speicherzulauf und -ablauf, sowie nahe der Speichermitte. Für die Aufzeichnung des Volumenstroms wird ein magnetisch-induktiver Messsensor am Speichereingang installiert. Zusätzlich wird mithilfe eines Proportionalventils am Speicherausgang das gewünschte Zapfprofil realisiert. Die Datenakquisition wird durch einen Datenlogger durchgeführt und die Optimierungsroutine auf dem PC implementiert. Die autonome Steuerung basiert auf einer von Day-Ahead-Marktpreisen der Energy Exchange Austria (EXAA) getriebenen linearen Optimierung mit dem Ziel, die Kosten der elektrischen Energie zu minimieren. Das Warmwasserverbrauchsprofil bildet den Verbrauch eines 4- Personen-Haushalts ab. Alle Mess- und Simulationsreihen basieren auf den gleichen Day-Ahead Preisfunktionen und Nutzerprofilen. Zur Verifikation des Lastverschiebungspotentials werden die Kosten pro MWh elektrischer Energie und die Kosten pro MWh thermischer Nutzenergie im Hysteresebetrieb (Normalbetrieb) denen des optimierten Betriebs gegenübergestellt. Durch eine Jahressimulation konnte das theoretische Potential nachgewiesen werden. Die Auswertungen der Kosten pro MWh elektrischer Energie zeigen Kosteneinsparungen am Day-Ahead-Markt von rund 18 %. Die Kosten pro MWh thermischer Nutzenergie konnten durch die Optimierung um rund 19 % gesenkt werden. Die thermische Effizienz konnte somit um rund 1 % gesteigert werden. Der Wärmepumpenboiler wurde insgesamt zwei Wochen betrieben; eine Messreihe davon fand dabei im Normalbetrieb statt. In einer weiteren Messreihe wurde die Wärmepumpe mit der Optimierungsroutine betrieben. Die Auswertungen der Kosten pro MWh elektrischer Energie zeigen Kosteneinsparungen am Day-Ahead-Markt von circa 23 %. Ebenso konnten die Kosten pro MWh thermischer Nutzenergie um 19 % gesenkt werden. Gleichzeitig sank die thermische Effizienz um 6 %.
Gas hydrates are usually synthesized by bringing together a pressurized gas and liquid or solid water. In both cases, the transport of gas or water to the hydrate growth site is hindered once an initial film of hydrate has grown at the water–gas interface. A seemingly forgotten gas-phase technique overcomes this problem by slowly depositing water vapor on a cold surface in the presence of the pressurized guest gas. Despite being used for the synthesis of low-formation-pressure hydrates, it has not yet been tested for hydrates of CO 2 and CH 4 . Moreover, the potential of the technique for the study of hydrate decomposition has not been recognized yet. We employ two advanced implementations of the condensation technique to form hydrates of CO 2 and CH 4 and demonstrate the applicability of the process for the study of hydrate decomposition and the phenomenon of self-preservation. Our results show that CO 2 and CH 4 hydrate samples deposited on graphite at 261–265 K are almost pure hydrates with an ice fraction of less than 8%. Rapid depressurization experiments with thin deposits (approx. 330 mm thickness) of CO 2 hydrate on an aluminum surface at 265 K yield identical dissociation curves when the deposition is done at identical pressure. However, hydrates deposited at 1 MPa almost completely withstand decomposition after rapid depressurization to 0.1 MPa, while samples deposited at 2 MPa decompose 7 times faster. Therefore, this synthesis technique is not only applicable for the study of hydrate decomposition but can also be used for the controlled deposition of a super-preserved hydrate.
Greater specific energy densities in lithium-ion batteries can be achieved by using three-dimensional (3D) porous current collectors, which allow for greater areal mass loadings of the electroactive material. In this paper, we present the use of embroidered current collectors for the preparation of thick, pouch-type Li-ion batteries. Experiments were performed on LiFePO 4 (LFP) water-based slurries using styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as binder and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as thickener, and formulations of different rheological characteristics were investigated. The electrochemical performance (cyclic voltammetry, rate capability) and morphological characteristics of the LFP half-pouch cells (X-ray micro computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy) were compared between the formulations. An optimum electrode formulation was identified, and a mechanism is proposed to explain differences between the formulations. With the optimum electrode formulation, 350 µm casted electrodes with high mechanical stability were achieved. Electrodes exhibited 4–6 times greater areal mass loadings (4–6 mAh cm −2 ) and 50% greater electroactive material weight than with foils. In tests of half- and full-pouch embroidered cells, a 50% capacity utilization at 1C-rate and 11% at 2C-rate were observed, with a full recovery at C/5-rate. The cycling stability was also maintained over 55 cycles.
