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In 2021, a prominent Austria dairy producer suffered from an IT attack and was completely paralysed. Without clearly defined mitigation measures in place, major disruptions were caused alongside the whole supply chain, including logistics service providers, governmental food safety bodies, as well as retailers (i.e., supermarkets and convenience stores). In this paper, we ask the question how digitisation and digital transformation impact IT security, especially when considering the complex company ecosystems of food production and food supply chains in Austria. The problem statement stems from a gap in knowledge of key differences in approaches towards IT security, resilience, risk management and especially business interfaces between food suppliers, supermarkets, distributors, logistics and other service providers. In order to answer related research questions, firstly, the authors conduct literature research, and highlight common guidelines and standardisation as well as look at state-based recommendations for critical infrastructure. In a second step, the paper describes a quantitative and qualitative survey with Austrian food companies (producers and retailers) which is described in detail in the paper. A description of recommended measures for the industry, further steps, as well as an outlook conclude the paper.
On the extension of digital ecosystems for SCM and customs with distributed ledger technologies
(2019)
Global supply chains represent the backbone of the modern manufacturing industry. Planning of global supply chains still represents a major hurdle, mainly because of the high complexity and unforeseen disruptions that have to be mastered for meeting the different logistics windows in a globally distributed production environment. Trust in supply chains is an additional challenge. A major – albeit sometimes overlooked - part of Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the management and integration of customs processes, clearing of tariffs, (re-)billing of customers, and fulfilling other legal requirements related to crossing borders, ranging from environmental standards over goods inspection to general paper work. With the exception of work offered by the World Customs Organization (WCO) the issue of customs and blockchain is still underrepresented in research and practice. In this paper, we look at innovations that drive the current ICTenabled SCM research and how these can be combined with smart customs management. After a literature review and introduction to the state-of-the-art, we list potential trust-based innovations for SCM and customs in digital business ecosystems. Based upon the innovations we also describe a requirements analysis of existing distributed ledger technologies (requirements for system layout, system configuration, system governance). A description of the prototype for the Lake Constance region – on which we are currently working – concludes the paper.