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The utilization of lasers in dentistry expands greatly in recent years. For instance, fs-lasers are effective for both drilling and caries prevention, while cw-lasers are useful for adhesive hardening. A cutting-edge application of lasers in dentistry is the debonding of veneers. While there are pre-existing tools for this purpose, there is still potential for improvement. Initial efforts to investigate laser assisted debonding mechanisms with measurements of the optical and mechanical properties of teeth and prosthetic ceramics are presented. Preliminary tests conducted with a laser system used for debonding that is commercially available showed differences in the output power set at the systems console to that at specified distances from the handpiece. Furthermore, the optical properties of the samples (human teeth and ceramics) were characterised. The optical properties of the ceramics should closely resemble those of teeth in terms of look and feel, but they also influence the laser assisted debonding technique and thus must be taken into account. In addition first attempts were performed to investigate the mechanical properties of the samples by means of pump-probe-elastography under a microscope. By analyzing the sample surface up to 20 ns after a fs-laser pulse impact, pressure and shock waves could be detected, which can be utilized to determine the elastic constants of specific materials. Together such investigations are needed to shape the basis for a purely optical approach of debonding of veneers utilizing acoustic waves.
Parametric anti-resonance is a phenomenon that occurs in systems with at least two degrees of freedom; this can be achieved by periodically exciting some parameters of the system. The effect of this properly tuned periodicity is to increase the dissipation in the system, which leads to a raising in the effective damping of vibrations. This contribution presents the design of an open-loop control to reduce the settling time using the anti-resonance concept. The control signal consists of a quasi-periodic signal capable of transferring the system’s oscillations from one mode to another mode of the system. The general averaging technique is used to characterize the dynamics, particularly the so-called slow dynamics of motion. With this analysis, the control signal is designed for the potential application of a microelectromechanical sensor arrangement; for this specific example, up to 96.8% reduction of settling time is achieved.
By a simple femtosecond laser process, we fabricated metal-oxide/gold composite films for electrical and optical gas sensors. We designed a dripple wavelength AWG-spectrometer, matched to the plasma absorption wavelength region of the composite films. H2/CO absorptions fit well with the AWG design for multi gas detection sensor arrays
The main aims of this work are the validation of the developed process of gluing a single-mode optical fiber array with a photonic chip and the selection of a more suitable adhesive from the two adhesives being compared. An active alignment system was used for adjusting the two optical fiber arrays to a photonics chip. The gluing was done by two compared UV curable adhesives applied in the optical path. The insertion losses of glued coupling were measured and investigated at two discrete wavelengths 1310 nm and 1550 nm during temperature testing in the climatic chamber according to Telcordia GR_1209_Corei04 [3]. The measurement, investigation, and comparison of insertion losses of the glued coupling at the spectral band from 1530 nm to 1570 nm were done immediately after gluing process and after three temperature cycles in the climatic chamber with one month delay.
In this paper, a 256-channel, 10-GHz arrayed waveguide gratings demultiplexer for ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing was designed using an in-house developed tool called AWG-Parameters. The AWG demultiplexer was designed for a central wavelength of 1550 nm and the structure was simulated in PHASAR tool from Optiwave. Two different AWG designs were developed and the influence of the design parameters on the AWG performance was studied.
Design, simulation, and optimization of the 1×4 optical three-dimensional multimode interference splitter using IP-Dip polymer as a core and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sylgard 184 as a cladding is demonstrated. The splitter was simulated by using beam propagation method in BeamPROP simulation module of RSoft photonic tool and optimized for an operating wavelength of 1.55 μm . According to the minimum insertion loss, the dimensions of the splitter were optimized for a waveguide with a core size of 4×4 μm2 . The objective of the study is to create the design for fabrication by three-dimensional direct laser writing optical lithography.
Semiconducting metal oxides are widely used for solar cells, poto-catalysis, bio-active materials and gas sensors. Besides the material properties of the used semiconductor,the specific surface topology of the sensor determines the device performance. We investigate the preparation and transfer suitable metals onto LIPPS structures on glass for gas sensing applications.
Deep etched structures in GaAs with high aspect ratio have promising applications in optoelectronics and MEMS devices. The key factors in their fabrication process are the choosing of proper mask material and etching conditions which results in high selectivity and an anisotropic etch profile with smooth sidewalls. In this work, we studied several types of mask materials (Al, Ni, Cr, SiO2) for deep reactive ion etching of GaAs using inductively coupled plasma system. Thus, several sets of experiments were performed with varying gas mixture, pressure and ICP/RF power. As a result, we find optimized conditions and minimal thickness of mask material for achieving deep etched (>140 m) GaAs structures.
Various carbon (nano-) forms, so-called allotropes, have become one of the most supporting activities in fundamental and applied research trends. Therefore, a universal deposition process capable of “adjusting” system parameters in one “deposition chamber” is highly demanding. Here, we present a low-pressure large area deposition system combining radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) plasma in one chamber in different configurations, which offers a wide deposition window for the growth of sp2 carbon (carbon nanotubes, amorphous carbon), a mixture of sp2 and sp3 (diamond-like films) and pure sp3 carbon represented by diamond films. We will show that not only the type of plasma source (RF vs. MW) but also the gas mixture and plasma chemistry are crucial parameters for the controllable and reproducible growth of these allotropes at temperatures from 250 to 800 °C.
The properties of SiC and diamond make them attractive materials for MEMS and sensor devices. We innovated specific laser ablation techniques to fabricate membranes and cantilevers made of SiC or nano-(micro-) crystalline diamond films grown on Si/SiO2 substrates by microwave chemical vapour deposition (MWCVD). We started research to generate surface moulds to grow corrugated diamond films for membranes and cantilevers. A software tool was developed to support the design of micromechanical cantilevers. We can measure deformation and resonant frequency of diamond cantilevers and identify the global mechanical properties. A benchmark against finite element simulations enables an inverse identification of the specific system parameters and simplifies the characterization procedure.
The properties of diamond make it an attractive material for MEMS and sensor devices. We present the feasibility to fabricate membranes and cantilevers made of nano-(micro-) crystalline diamond films grown on Si/SiO2 substrates using microwave chemical vapour deposition (MWCVD). The patterning of micromechanical structures was performed by a combined process of femtosecond laser ablation and wet etching. We designed cantilever structures with varying lengths and widths (25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 μm). The cantilevers were made in a symmetric left- and right-hand configuration. An additional laser treatment was used to modify the mechanical properties of the left-hand cantilever. The deflection of the laser-treated, and non-treated sections was measured. The global mechanical system properties were simulated and corresponded with high accuracy to the measured results of deflection.
The paper shows concepts of optical splitting based on three dimensional (3D) optical splitters based on multimode interference principle. This paper is focused on the design, fabrication and characterization of 3D MMI splitter with formed output waveguides based on IP-Dip polymer for direct application on optical fiber. The MMI optical splitter was simulated and fabricated using direct laser writing process. Output characteristics were characterized by highly resolved near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) and compared with 3D MMI splitter without output waveguides.
We present 256-channel, 25-GHz AWG designed for ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing. For the design two in-house developed tools were used: AWG-Parameters tool for the calculation of input design parameters and AWGAnalyser tool, used to evaluate the simulated transmission characteristics. The AWG structure was designed for AWG central wavelength of 1550 nm and simulated with PHASAR tool from Optiwave. To keep the size of AWG structure as small as possible the number of waveguides in the phased array was tested. The simulations show that there is a certain minimum number of phased array waveguides necessary to reach sufficient AWG performance. After optimization, the AWG structure reached 10 cm x 11 cm in size and satisfying optical properties.
This paper describes two different designs of 1×8 passive optical splitters. The first splitter consists of cascade arranged directional waveguide branches (Y-branch splitter) with (0.8×0.16) µm2 waveguide cross-section. The second splitter is based on multimode interference occurring in a large MMI coupler, which uses a self-imaging effect for beam propagation, exhibiting the same waveguide core size as a Y-branch splitter. The waveguide channel profile, used in both approaches, is based on a silicon nitride material platform, with a refractive index of core being nc = 1.925 and a refractive index of cladding ncl = 1.4575. The splitters are designed as a planar structure for a medical operating wavelength 850 nm. Design, simulation, and optimization of passive optical components are performed by a commercial photonic software tool BeamPROP simulation engine by RSoft Photonics Suite tool, employing beam propagation method. This work aims to find the minimum physical dimensions of the designed splitters with the satisfactory optical performance. According to the minimum insertion loss and minimum non-uniformity, the optimum length of the splitters is determined. Finally, the optical properties of splitters for both approaches are discussed and compared with each other.
Due to the increasing trend of photonic element miniaturisation and the need for optical splitting, we propose and simulate a new type of three-dimensional (3D) optical splitter based on multimode interference (MMI) for the wavelength of 1550 nm. We present various designs and simulations of various parameters for the optimized MMI splitter. We focus on the possibility of its integration on an optical fiber. The design is focused on a possible production process using 3D laser lithography for the prepared experiments. The MMI splitter was prepared by laser lithography using direct writing process and finally investigated by output characterisation by the near-field measurement.
In this paper, we document optical splitters based on Y-branch and also on MMI splitting principle. The 1×4 Y-branch splitter was prepared in 3D geometry fully from polymer approaching the single mode transmission at 1550 nm. We also prepared new concept of 1×4 MMI optical splitter. Their optical properties and character of output optical field were measured by near-field scanning optical microscope. Splitting properties and optical outputs of both splitters are very promising and increase an attractiveness of presented 3D technology and polymers.
The paper deals with the optimization of 2x2 optical switch for photonic integrated circuits based on two 2x2 MMI splitters and two phase-modulators. The optical switch was modelled in the RSoftCAD with the simulation tool BeamPROP. The optimization was done to minimise the insertion losses and broaden the spectral band at 1550 nm by using linear tapers in a 2x2 MMI splitter topology. The 2x2 optical switch is a common element for creating more complex 1xN or NxN optical switches in all-optical signal processing.
Design, simulation, and optimization of the 1×4 optical three-dimensional multimode interference splitter using IP-Dip polymer as a core and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sylgard 184 as a cladding is demonstrated. The splitter was simulated by using beam propagation method in BeamPROP simulation module of RSoft photonic tool and optimized for an operating wavelength of 1.55 μm . According to the minimum insertion loss, the dimensions of the splitter were optimized for a waveguide with a core size of 4×4 μm2 . The objective of the study is to create the design for fabrication by three-dimensional direct laser writing optical lithography.
In this paper we present various educational activities with Photonics Explorer, an educational kit developed by the photonics research team B - PHOT at VUB (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) for students at secondary schools. The concept is a ‘lab-in-a-box’ that enables students of the 2 nd and 3 rd grade to do photonics experiments themselves at school with lasers, LEDs, lenses, optical fibers, and other high-tech components. Even though, the kit was developed for the secondary schools, we use experiments from the kit also for some other teaching activities such as lectures at the university, photonics workshops for teachers and children at primary/secondary schools or for events such as children's/youth's university or the night of sciences. In the frame of Austrian based project Phorsch! we have organized most of these activities which will be presented here.
A new software tool, called AWG-Channel-Spacing, is developed to calculate accurate channel spacing of an arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) optical multiplexer/demultiplexer. This tool has been developed with the application framework QT in the programming language C++. The tool was evaluated with a design of 20-channel 200 GHz AWG. The achieved simulated transmission characteristics prove the correct functionality of the tool.