500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik
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Real-time measurements of the differences in inhaled and exhaled, unlabeled and fully deuterated acetone concentration levels, at rest and during exercise, have been conducted using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. A novel approach to continuously differentiate between the inhaled and exhaled breath acetone concentration signals is used. This leads to unprecedented fine grained data of inhaled and exhaled concentrations. The experimental results obtained are compared with those predicted using a simple three compartment model that theoretically describes the influence of inhaled concentrations on exhaled breath concentrations for volatile organic compounds with high blood:air partition coefficients, and hence is appropriate for acetone. An agreement between the predicted and observed concentrations is obtained. Our results highlight that the influence of the upper airways cannot be neglected for volatiles with high blood:air partition coefficients, i.e. highly water soluble volatiles.
Clathrate hydrates, or hydrates for short, are inclusion compounds in which water molecules form a hydrogen-bonded host lattice that accommodates the guest molecules. While vast amounts of hydrates are known to exist in seafloor sediments and in the permafrost on Earth, these occurrences might be dwarfed by the amounts of hydrates occurring in space and on celestial bodies. Since methane is the primary guest molecule in most of the natural occurrences on Earth, hydrates are considered a promising source of energy. Moreover, the ability of one volume of hydrate to store about 170 volumes of gas, make hydrates a promising functional material for various industrial applications. While the static properties of hydrates are reasonably well known, the dynamics of hydrate formation and decomposition are insufficiently understood. For instance, the stochastic period of hydrate nucleation, the memory effect, and the self-preservation phenomenon complicate the development of predictive models of hydrate dynamics. Additionally, the influence of meso- and macroscopic defects as well as the roles of mass and heat transport on different length scales remain to be clarified.
Due to its non-invasive and non-destructive nature and the high spatial resolution of approx. 1µm or even less, micro-computed X-ray attenuation tomography ( µCT ) seems to be the perfect method for the study of the evolving structures of forming or decomposing hydrates on the meso- and macroscopic length scale. However, for the naturally occurring hydrates of low atomic number guests the contrast between hydrate, ice, and liquid water is typically very weak because of similar X-ray attenuation coefficients. So far, good contrast was only restricted to synchrotron beamline experiments which utilize the phase information of monochromatic X-rays.
In this thesis it is shown that with the help of a newly developed sample cell, a contrast between the hydrate and the ice phase sufficiently good for the reliable segmentation of the materials can also be achieved in conventional tube-based µCT. An accurate pressure and temperature management, i.e., the added functionality of the cell, further allows for cross-correlation of structural and thermodynamic data. The capability of this µCT setup is demonstrated in a series of studies on the formation and decomposition of hydrates which yield new insights for the development of a novel route to hydrate synthesis. At last, this thesis points towards possibilities how better models of hydrate formation and decomposition can be developed with the aid of µCT and computer simulations.
Gas hydrates are usually synthesized by bringing together a pressurized gas and liquid or solid water. In both cases, the transport of gas or water to the hydrate growth site is hindered once an initial film of hydrate has grown at the water–gas interface. A seemingly forgotten gas-phase technique overcomes this problem by slowly depositing water vapor on a cold surface in the presence of the pressurized guest gas. Despite being used for the synthesis of low-formation-pressure hydrates, it has not yet been tested for hydrates of CO 2 and CH 4 . Moreover, the potential of the technique for the study of hydrate decomposition has not been recognized yet. We employ two advanced implementations of the condensation technique to form hydrates of CO 2 and CH 4 and demonstrate the applicability of the process for the study of hydrate decomposition and the phenomenon of self-preservation. Our results show that CO 2 and CH 4 hydrate samples deposited on graphite at 261–265 K are almost pure hydrates with an ice fraction of less than 8%. Rapid depressurization experiments with thin deposits (approx. 330 mm thickness) of CO 2 hydrate on an aluminum surface at 265 K yield identical dissociation curves when the deposition is done at identical pressure. However, hydrates deposited at 1 MPa almost completely withstand decomposition after rapid depressurization to 0.1 MPa, while samples deposited at 2 MPa decompose 7 times faster. Therefore, this synthesis technique is not only applicable for the study of hydrate decomposition but can also be used for the controlled deposition of a super-preserved hydrate.
The goal of this paper is to design a low-loss 1 x 32 Y-branch optical splitter for optical transmission systems, using two different design tools employing Beam Propagation Method. As a first step, a conventional 1 x 32 Y-branch splitter was designed and simulated in two-dimensional environment of OptiBPM photonic tool. The simulated optical properties feature high loss, high asymmetric splitting ratio and a large size of the designed structure, too. In the second step of this work we propose an optimization of the conventional splitter design leading to suppression of the asymmetric splitting ratio to one-third of its initial value and to the improvement of the losses by nearly 2 dB. In addition, 50% size reduction of the designed structure was also achieved. This length-optimized low-loss splitter was then modelled in a three-dimensional environment of RSoft photonic tool and the simulated results confirm the strong improvement of the optical properties.
A Telecom optical fibers are still being the best transmission medium of digital data and analogue signals for long distance applications. Progress in integrated photonics enables development of photonic chips with new unique properties, circuits of the future, and overcomes current limits in information and communication technologies. The packaging of photonic chips is necessary for taking them out of research laboratories into real implementation in the information and communication technology applications. One important step of packaging is effective coupling of optical radiation between telecom optical fiber with ten microns core dimension and photonic chip optical waveguide with submicron dimensions. For complex photonic chips, it is necessary to couple not one optical fiber but several optical fibers, which are arranged in fiber arrays. In this case, it is necessary to use a 6D positioning system, which allows to optimally adjust the relative position of the photonic chip and the fiber arrays. After setting the optimal relative position of the photonic chip and the fiber array, the process of their fixation follows. One possibility of fixation is gluing with an adhesive in the optical path between the photonic chip and an array of optical fibers with a refractive index close to the refractive index of the optical fiber core. This paper is focused on the experimental test set-up for the temperature characterization of fiber array to photonics chip butt coupling at 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths fixed themselves by UV adhesive in the optical path. The main aims of this works are selection of better adhesive from two types for gluing of photonic chip and fiber array in packaging process of photonics chips and validation of gluing process developing. The coupling and alignment of fiber arrays to photonics chip were done by automated active alignments system and they were fixed themselves by curable epoxy adhesive. Temperature changes of coupling insertion losses are measured and investigated for two different UV adhesives during three temperature cycles from -40 °C to 80 °C in climatic chamber according to Telcordia. Spectral dependence of insertion losses were measured and compared before and after three temperature cycles for 1530 nm to 1570 nm spectral range at room temperature.
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contracts APVV-17-0662 and SK-AT-20-0017 and by the COST Action “European Network for High Performance Integrated Microwave Photonics” (EUIMWP) CA16220.
The main aims of this work are the validation of the developed process of gluing a single-mode optical fiber array with a photonic chip and the selection of a more suitable adhesive from the two adhesives being compared. An active alignment system was used for adjusting the two optical fiber arrays to a photonics chip. The gluing was done by two compared UV curable adhesives applied in the optical path. The insertion losses of glued coupling were measured and investigated at two discrete wavelengths 1310 nm and 1550 nm during temperature testing in the climatic chamber according to Telcordia GR_1209_Corei04 [3]. The measurement, investigation, and comparison of insertion losses of the glued coupling at the spectral band from 1530 nm to 1570 nm were done immediately after gluing process and after three temperature cycles in the climatic chamber with one month delay.
In this paper we report on the experimental test set-up for the temperature characterization of fiber array to photonics chip butt coupling at 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths. The alignment and gluing of fiber arrays to photonics chip were done by automated active alignments system and they were fixed themselves by UV curable epoxy adhesive. Temperature changes of coupling insertion losses are measured and investigated for two different UV adhesives during three temperature cycles from -40 °C to 80 °C in climatic chamber. Spectral dependence of insertion losses was measured and compared before and after three temperature cycles for 1530 nm to 1570 nm spectral range at room temperature.
The paper deals with designing and numerical modelling a 2 x 2 optical switch for photonic integrated circuits based on 2 x 2 MMI elements and phase modulators. The 2 x 2 optical switch was modelled in the RsoftCAD with the simulation tool BeamPROP. The 2 x 2 optical switch is a common element for creating more complex 1 x N or N x N optical switches in all-optical signal processing.
The paper deals with the optimization of 2x2 optical switch for photonic integrated circuits based on two 2x2 MMI splitters and two phase-modulators. The optical switch was modelled in the RSoftCAD with the simulation tool BeamPROP. The optimization was done to minimise the insertion losses and broaden the spectral band at 1550 nm by using linear tapers in a 2x2 MMI splitter topology. The 2x2 optical switch is a common element for creating more complex 1xN or NxN optical switches in all-optical signal processing.
Whether at the intramolecular or cellular scale in organisms, cell-cell adhesion adapt to external mechanical cues arising from the static environment of cells and from dynamic interactions between neighboring cells. Cell-cell adhesions need to resist detachment forces to secure the integrity and internal organization of organisms. In the past, various techniques have been developed to characterize adhesion properties of molecules and cells in vitro, and to understand how cells sense and probe their environment. Atomic force microscopy and dual-pipette aspiration, where cells are mainly present in suspension, are common methods for studying detachment forces of cell-cell adhesions. How cell-cell adhesion forces are developed for adherent and environment-adapted cells, however, is less clear. Here, we designed the Cell-Cell Separation Device (CC-SD), a microstructured substrate that measures both intercellular forces and external stresses of cells towards the matrix. The design is based on micropillar arrays originally designed for cell traction-force measurements. We designed PDMS micropillar-blocks, to which cells could adhere and be able to connect to each other across the gap. Controlled stretching of the whole substrate changed the distance between blocks and increased gap size. That allowed us to apply strains to cell-cell contacts, eventually leading to cell-cell adhesion detachment, which was measured by pillar deflections. The CC-SD provided an increase of the gap between the blocks of up to 2.4-fold, which was sufficient to separate substrate-attached cells with fully developed F-actin network. Simultaneously measured pillar deflections allowed us to address cellular response to the intercellular strain applied. The CC-SD thus opens up possibilities for the analysis of intercellular force detachments and sheds light on the robustness of cell-cell adhesions in dynamic processes in tissue development.
Die CO2 Abscheidung ist ein Schlüsselprozess für die Dekarbonisierung der Wirtschaft und Industrie. Die Entwicklungspfade der IEA und des IPCC zur Erreichung des CO2 Nettonulle-missionsziel bis 2050 oder 2070 beinhalten alle eine Form von Carbon Capture, (CC). Als vielversprechende CC-Technologie gerät die gashydratbasierte CO2 Abscheidung, hbCC, aufgrund der hohen Speicherkapazität bei moderaten Druck- und Temperaturniveau und des unproblematischen Arbeitsmediums Wasser zusehends ins Interesse der Forschung und In-dustrie. Gashydrate sind unstöchiometrische Einschlussverbindungen, bei denen die Gasmo-leküle in einem Wirtsgitter aus Wassermolekülen gespeichert werden können. In einem m3 Gashydrat können 170 Nm3 Gas gespeichert werden. Die statischen Eigenschaften von Gas-hydrat sind gut verstanden. Die Dynamik der Synthese und Dissoziation, die intrinsische Re-aktionskinetik der Hydratformation, die Nukleation von initialen Kristallisationskeimen und der Einfluss von Wärme- und Stofftransportphänomenen auf die Dynamik ist noch nicht geklärt. Ein profundes Verständnis der Synthese- und Dissoziationsdynamik, inklusive dem Zusam-menhang mit den p,T-Prozessbedingungen, gilt als Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung effizi-enter hbCC-Verfahren. Üblicherweise wird Gashydrat synthetisiert indem flüssiges Wasser mit der Gasphase in Kontakt gebracht wird. Der initial gebildete Hydratfilm auf der Phasen-grenzfläche hemmt in weiter Folge den Stofftransport für das weitere Hydratwachstum. Die CO2 Gasphasenabscheidung durch thermisches Verdampfen unter Druck, (engl. pressurized thermal evaporation, PTE), unterliegt keinem gehemmten Stofftransport, weil Wasserdampf und Gasmoleküle an einer kalten Substratoberfläche kontinuierlich für die Synthese vorliegen. In vorhergehenden Studien wurden subsequente Synthese- und Dissoziationsexperimente durch PTE aus reiner CO2 oder CH4 Gasphase zur Untersuchung der Dynamik durchgeführt. Für diese Arbeit werden erstmals subsequente PTE Synthese- und Dissoziationsexperimente aus einem binären 0,85 N2 + 0,15 CO2 Synthesegasgemisch umgesetzt. Das durch die Syn-these abgeschiedene Gas wird nach der Dissoziation mit einem Massenspektrometer auf seine Zusammensetzung untersucht. Hydratspeicherkapazität, Abscheiderate und die Selek-tivität der CO2 Gasphasenabscheidung wird für eine Synthesetemperaturvariation, (- 40 °C bis - 15 °C), und einen Synthesedruck von 40 bar(a) bestimmt. Durch Zeitrafferauf-nahmen der Hydratformation und Dissoziation wird die Auswirkung der p,T-Prozessbedingun-gen auf die Synthese- und Dissoziationsdynamik untersucht und der optimale Betriebspunkt für die CO2 Gasphasenabscheidung durch thermisches Verdampfen unter Druck bestimmt. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich ein klarer Zusammenhang zwischen Synthesetemperatur, Ab-scheiderate und Selektivität ableiten. Ein tiefere Synthesetemperatur führt zu einer effiziente-ren CO2 Abscheidung. Außerdem zeigt sich bei der Beobachtung der Synthesedynamik eine direkte Resublimation des Gashydrats auf der Wachstumsoberfläche. Es bildet sich keine flüssige Übergangsphase vor der Nukleation. Die neuen Erkenntnisse sind wichtige Faktoren für das Design zukünftiger PTE-Verfahren und Prototypen.
A new software tool, called AWG-Channel-Spacing, is developed to calculate accurate channel spacing of an arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) optical multiplexer/demultiplexer. This tool has been developed with the application framework QT in the programming language C++. The tool was evaluated with a design of 20-channel 200 GHz AWG. The achieved simulated transmission characteristics prove the correct functionality of the tool.
The electricity demand due to the increasing number of EVs presents new challenges for the operation of the electricity network, especially for the distribution grids. The existing grid infrastructure may not be sufficient to meet the new demands imposed by the integration of EVs. Thus, EV charging may possibly lead to reliability and stability issues, especially during the peak demand periods. Demand side management (DSM) is a potential and promising approach for mitigation of the resulting impacts. In this work, we developed an autonomous DSM strategy for optimal charging of EVs to minimize the charging cost and we conducted a simulation study to evaluate the impacts to the grid operation. The proposed approach only requires a one way communicated incentive. Real profiles from an Austrian study on mobility behavior are used to simulate the usage of the EVs. Furthermore, real smart meter data are used to simulate the household base load profiles and a real low voltage grid topology is considered in the load flow simulation. Day-ahead electricity stock market prices are used as the incentive to drive the optimization. The results for the optimum charging strategy is determined and compared to uncontrolled EV charging. The results for the optimum charging strategy show a potential cost saving of about 30.8% compared to uncontrolled EV charging. Although autonomous DSM of EVs achieves a shift of load as pursued, distribution grid operation may be substantially affected by it. We show that in the case of real time price driven operation, voltage drops and elevated peak to average powers result from the coincident charging of vehicles during favourable time slots.
A new software tool, called AWG-Wuckler, is developed to calculate geometric parameters of arrayed waveguide grating structures for telecommunication and medical applications. These parameters are crucial for a AWG layout which will be created and simulated using commercial photonic design tools. The design process of AWG is very complex because its geometric dimensions depend on a large number of input design parameters and other input design parameters. Often geometric constraints require an adjustment of the input design parameters and vice versa. Calculation and adjustment of the geometric parameters is a time-consuming process that is currently not fully supported by any commercial photonic tool. AWG-Wuckler tool overcomes this issue and offers a fast and easy to use solution. The tool was already applied in various AWG designs and is technologically well proven.
Der Klimawandel und der damit einhergehende Temperaturanstieg stellen den Gebäudesektor in Bezug auf die sommerliche Überhitzung vor erhebliche Herausforderungen. Zur Abschätzung der Auswirkungen ist es relevant, Klimadaten für einen angemessenen Zeitraum zu verwenden, um geeignete Maßnahmen zur Hitzeminderung ergreifen zu können.Die sommerliche Überhitzung variiert je nach Gebäudetyp, Standort und örtlichen Gegebenheiten. Aus diesem Grund werden in dieser wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung Wohngebäude mit mehr als zehn Wohneinheiten für das Klimaszenario RCP4.5 im Jahr 2060 in Österreich analysiert. Zur Beurteilung des Wohnkomforts wurden umfangreiche Messungen im Rahmen einer Studie des Energieinstituts Vorarlberg an einem repräsentativen Gebäude über einen längeren Zeitraum durchgeführt. Basierend auf den gewonnenen Messwerten wird ein Referenzgebäude im Gebäudesimulationsprogramm IDA ICE konstruiert und simuliert. Um verschiedene Klimazonen angemessen abzubilden, werden die Standorte Bregenz, Klagenfurt und Wien für das Gebäude im Jahr 2022 betrachtet. Diese Ergebnisse bilden die Grundlage, um den Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die sommerliche Überhitzung abschätzen zu können. Im nächsten Schritt werden die neuen Klimadatensätze für das Klimaszenario RCP4.5 im Jahr 2060 für dieselben Standorte implementiert und mit den Ergebnissen von 2022 verglichen. Dadurch können verschiedene Kennziffern wie maximale Temperaturen, Stundenanzahl mit Temperaturen über 25 °C bzw. 27 °C und die Häufigkeit von Übertemperaturgradstunden herangezogen werden, um die zukünftige Hitzebelastung zu bewerten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit einer Erhöhung der maximalen Temperatur, der mittleren Temperatur zwischen Mai und September sowie der Stundenanzahl mit Temperaturen über 25 °C bzw. 27 °C zu rechnen ist. Der Grenzwert von 25 °C wird dabei um 12 bis 29 Prozent überschritten. Die Maximaltem-peratur steigt um vier bis neun Prozent, während sich der Wert für die mittlere Temperatur um zwei bis drei Prozent erhöht. Besonders stark nimmt die Häufigkeit von Übertemperaturen über einen längeren Zeitraum zu. Für die Umsetzung passiver Maßnahmen zeigt sich, dass diese zu einer signifikanten Reduk-tion der Stundenanzahl mit Temperaturen über den Grenzwerten führen können. Auch durch simple Maßnahmen, wie die Integration einer Nachtlüftung, kann eine Absenkung der Tem-peraturen und folglich der Stundenanzahl über den Grenzwerten erreicht werden. Ein thermischer Komfort basierend ausschließlich auf passiven Maßnahmen kann nicht für sämtliche Standorte in der Zukunft gewährleistet werden.
Blood flow and ventilatory flow strongly influence the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. The physicochemical properties of a compound (e.g., water solubility) additionally determine if the concentration of the compound in breath reflects the alveolar concentration, the concentration in the upper airways, or a mixture of both. Mathematical modeling based on mass balance equations helps to understand how measured breath concentrations are related to their corresponding blood concentrations and physiological parameters, such as metabolic rates and endogenous production rates. In addition, the influence of inhaled compounds on their exhaled concentrations can be quantified and appropriate correction formulas can be derived. Isoprene and acetone, two endogenous VOCs with very different water solubility, have been modeled to explain the essential features of their behavior in breath. This chapter introduces the theory of physiological modeling of exhaled VOCs, with examples of isoprene and acetone.
The ability of water to form cage-like structures and capture gas molecules under high pressure and low temperatures lead to problems in gas pipelines, especially in the mid-20th century. Also, there is an enormous amount of this so-called gas hydrate, captured in deep sea sediments or in terrestrial permafrost soils in which they reserve a possible degradable energy resource. On the other hand, they also maintain a high risk to enhance the ongoing climate change. At the same time, through their high energy storage ability, gas hydrates exhibit a high potential for industrial applications like alternative energy storage, carbon capture technologies or cleaning of exhaust emissions through separation and storage. But through their complex kinetics and ongoing dynamics through induction, synthesis and dissociation, the usage of hydrates is still far away from relevant industrial application. To make the potential capable there is still a huge amount of basic research necessary: Specially to shorten the induction time. An earlier thesis at FH-Vorarlberg exposed a potential method to shorten the induction time through a stirred reactor with an extremely high stirring rate without the usage of promotors. Therefore, this thesis is dedicated to expose the possible reasons for the witnessed effect through high stirring rates (>10000 rpm) at different pressure and tempera-ture conditions. The goal is to show possible physical effects to shorten the induction time of hy-drate synthesis. Therefore, a stirred reactor is used in which the possible effects should be investi-gated through the research with CO2 hydrates. In the research, there will be a closer look on phe-nomena like cavitation, increasing the phase interface through stirring or pressure fluctuations. The results of this thesis show an interesting connection between pressure, stirring rate and increased phase interface. Furthermore, there are also some exposed significances between stirring under spe-cial conditions which were exposed through statistical analyses. The results show that stirring could possibly be a new driving force when executed under the right conditions.
Beyond the Four-Level Model: Dark and Hot States in Quantum Dots Degrade Photonic Entanglement
(2023)
Entangled photon pairs are essential for a multitude of quantum photonic applications. To date, the best performing solid-state quantum emitters of entangled photons are semiconductor quantum dots operated around liquid-helium temperatures. To favor the widespread deployment of these sources, it is important to explore and understand their behavior at temperatures accessible with compact Stirling coolers. Here we study the polarization entanglement among photon pairs from the biexciton–exciton cascade in GaAs quantum dots at temperatures up to ∼65 K. We observe entanglement degradation accompanied by changes in decay dynamics, which we ascribe to thermal population and depopulation of hot and dark states in addition to the four levels relevant for photon pair generation. Detailed calculations considering the presence and characteristics of the additional states and phonon-assisted transitions support the interpretation. We expect these results to guide the optimization of quantum dots as sources of highly entangled photons at elevated temperatures.
Post-operative isoflurane has been observed to be present in the end-tidal breath of patients who have undergone major surgery, for several weeks after the surgical procedures. A major new noncontrolled, non-randomized, and open-label approved study will recruit patients undergoing various surgeries under different inhalation anaesthetics, with two key objectives, namely to record the washout characteristics following surgery, and to investigate the influence of a patient’s health and the duration and type of surgery on elimination. In preparation for this breath study using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS), it is important to identify first the analytical product ions that need to be monitored and under what operating conditions. In this first paper of this new research programme, we present extensive PTR-TOF-MS studies of three major
anaesthetics used worldwide, desflurane (CF3CHFOCHF2), sevoflurane ((CF3)2CHOCH2F), and isoflurane (CF3CHClOCHF2) and a fourth one, which is used less extensively, enflurane (CHF2OCF2CHFCl), but is of interest because it is an isomer of isoflurane. Product ions are identified as a function of reduced electric field (E/N) over the range of approximately 80 Td to 210 Td, and the effects of operating the drift tube under ‘normal’ or ‘humid’ conditions on the intensities of the product ions are presented. To aid in the analyses, density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the proton affinities and the gas-phase basicities of the anaesthetics have been determined. Calculated energies for the ion-molecule reaction pathways leading to key product ions, identified as ideal for monitoring the inhalation anaesthetics in breath with a high sensitivity and selectivity, are also presented.