500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik
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X-ray microtomography is a nondestructive, three-dimensional inspection technique applied across a vast range of fields and disciplines, ranging from research to industrial, encompassing engineering, biology, and medical research. Phasecontrast imaging extends the domain of application of x-ray microtomography to classes of samples that exhibit weak attenuation, thus appearing with poor contrast in standard x-ray imaging. Notable examples are low-atomic-number materials, like carbon-fiber composites, soft matter, and biological soft tissues.We report on a compact and cost-effective system for x-ray phase-contrast microtomography. The system features high sensitivity to phase gradients and high resolution, requires a low-power sealed x-ray tube, a single optical element, and fits in a small footprint. It is compatible with standard x-ray detector technologies: in our experiments, we have observed that single-photon counting offered higher angular sensitivity, whereas flat panels provided a larger field of view. The system is benchmarked against knownmaterial phantoms, and its potential for soft-tissue three-dimensional imaging is demonstrated on small-animal organs: a piglet esophagus and a rat heart.We believe that the simplicity of the setupwe are proposing, combined with its robustness and sensitivity, will facilitate accessing quantitative x-ray phase-contrast microtomography as a research tool across disciplines, including tissue engineering, materials science, and nondestructive testing in general.
In this paper, low-loss Y-branch splitters up to 128 splitting ratio are designed, simulated, and optimized by using 2D beam propagation method in OptiBPM tool by Optiwave. For an optical waveguide, a silica-on-silicon material platform is used. The splitters were designed as a planar structure for a telecommunication operating wavelength of 1.55 m. According to the minimum insertion loss and minimum non-uniformity, the optimum length for each Y-branch is determined. The influence of the pre-defined S-Bend waveguide shapes (Arc, Cosine, Sine) and of the waveguide core size reduction on the splitter performance has been also studied. The obtained simulation results of all designed splitters with different S-Bend shape waveguides together with the different waveguide core sizes are discussed and compared with each other.
Die Integration regenerativer und innovativer Energiespeichertechnologien in der Gebäudetechnik ist ein zentraler Bestandteil der Strategie, um die globalen Ziele der Energiewende zu erreichen. Um die Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden zu verbessern, stellen geothermische Energiequellen sowie Erdspeichersysteme in Kombination mit Wärmepumpen und Kältemaschinen eine sehr effiziente Technologie dar. Da bei der Oberflächennahen Geothermie in Abhängigkeit des Standorts eine gemittelte Erdreichtemperatur von 10 °C bereitgestellt wird, kann vorallem bei Niedertemperatursystemen durch die Verwendung von Wärmepumpen eine hohe Jahresarbeitszahl erreicht werden. Wird ein Gebäude zusätzlich noch gekühlt, kann durch die Regeneration des Erdspeichersystems zudem der Effekt der saisonalen Energiespeicherung ausgenutzt werden.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden drei unterschiedlichen Erdspeichersysteme für ein bestehendes Gebäude mit der Simulationssoftware Ida Ice simuliert. Die in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Erdspeichersysteme sind: Erdwärmesonden, Energiepfähle und Bodenabsorber. Die Speichersysteme werden mit einer Wärmepumpe und Kältemaschine für die Energiebereitstellung und der entsprechenden Regelungstechnik kombiniert. Neben einer energetischen Betrachtungsweise wird zusätzlich eine Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnung durchgeführt, um die ökonomische Bewertung bei allen Energiespeichersystem mit zu berücksichtigen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Bewertung der Energiespeichersysteme von vielen Dimensionierungsparametern abhängig sind und jedes System seine Vor- und Nachteile aufweist. Über einen kurzfristigen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren kann durch die Erdwärmesonden die höchste Vorlauftemperatur und dadurch die beste Jahresarbeitszahl erreicht werden. Langzeitsimulationen zeigen jedoch, dass ohne genügend Regenration das Erdreich bei der Erdwärmesondenvariante auskühlt, weshalb in einer zusätzlichen Variante die Regeneration der Erdwärmesonden durch das Verwenden einer Solarthermieanlage simuliert wird. Das Auskühlen des Erdreichs kann bei den Energiepfählen durch die natürlichen Speichereffekte, die aus der Koppelung des Gebäudefundaments mit den Energiepfählen resultieren, vermieden werden, wodurch die Energiepfahlvariante über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Jahren und ohne Regeneration die effizienteste Variante ist. Die Bodenabsorbervariante kann durch die limitierende Dimensionierung aufgrund der Gebäudefundamentoberfläche den Wärmebedarf des Gebäudes nicht decken, wodurch die Heizelemente beim Pufferspeicher aktiviert werden müssen, was zu einer schlechteren Jahresarbeitszahl führt. Auch im Vergleich zu der bestehenden Luftwärmepumpen-Referenzanlage weist die Bodenabsorbervariante einer geringere Jahresarbeitszahl auf, wodurch die Variante als die am wenigste effizienteste bewertet wird. Bei der Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnung ist die Erdwärmesondenvariante aufgrund der hohen Investitionskosten die teuerste Variante und der Bodenabsorber die günstigste. Eine Sensitivitätsanalyse zeigt jedoch, dass bei einer Energiepreissteigerung die Bodenabsorber aufgrund der Aktivierung der Heizelemente beim Pufferspeicher in Richtung teuerste Variante tendiert.
A Telecom optical fibers are still being the best transmission medium of digital data and analogue signals for long distance applications. Progress in integrated photonics enables development of photonic chips with new unique properties, circuits of the future, and overcomes current limits in information and communication technologies. The packaging of photonic chips is necessary for taking them out of research laboratories into real implementation in the information and communication technology applications. One important step of packaging is effective coupling of optical radiation between telecom optical fiber with ten microns core dimension and photonic chip optical waveguide with submicron dimensions. For complex photonic chips, it is necessary to couple not one optical fiber but several optical fibers, which are arranged in fiber arrays. In this case, it is necessary to use a 6D positioning system, which allows to optimally adjust the relative position of the photonic chip and the fiber arrays. After setting the optimal relative position of the photonic chip and the fiber array, the process of their fixation follows. One possibility of fixation is gluing with an adhesive in the optical path between the photonic chip and an array of optical fibers with a refractive index close to the refractive index of the optical fiber core. This paper is focused on the experimental test set-up for the temperature characterization of fiber array to photonics chip butt coupling at 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths fixed themselves by UV adhesive in the optical path. The main aims of this works are selection of better adhesive from two types for gluing of photonic chip and fiber array in packaging process of photonics chips and validation of gluing process developing. The coupling and alignment of fiber arrays to photonics chip were done by automated active alignments system and they were fixed themselves by curable epoxy adhesive. Temperature changes of coupling insertion losses are measured and investigated for two different UV adhesives during three temperature cycles from -40 °C to 80 °C in climatic chamber according to Telcordia. Spectral dependence of insertion losses were measured and compared before and after three temperature cycles for 1530 nm to 1570 nm spectral range at room temperature.
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contracts APVV-17-0662 and SK-AT-20-0017 and by the COST Action “European Network for High Performance Integrated Microwave Photonics” (EUIMWP) CA16220.
The main aims of this work are the validation of the developed process of gluing a single-mode optical fiber array with a photonic chip and the selection of a more suitable adhesive from the two adhesives being compared. An active alignment system was used for adjusting the two optical fiber arrays to a photonics chip. The gluing was done by two compared UV curable adhesives applied in the optical path. The insertion losses of glued coupling were measured and investigated at two discrete wavelengths 1310 nm and 1550 nm during temperature testing in the climatic chamber according to Telcordia GR_1209_Corei04 [3]. The measurement, investigation, and comparison of insertion losses of the glued coupling at the spectral band from 1530 nm to 1570 nm were done immediately after gluing process and after three temperature cycles in the climatic chamber with one month delay.
In this paper we report on the experimental test set-up for the temperature characterization of fiber array to photonics chip butt coupling at 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths. The alignment and gluing of fiber arrays to photonics chip were done by automated active alignments system and they were fixed themselves by UV curable epoxy adhesive. Temperature changes of coupling insertion losses are measured and investigated for two different UV adhesives during three temperature cycles from -40 °C to 80 °C in climatic chamber. Spectral dependence of insertion losses was measured and compared before and after three temperature cycles for 1530 nm to 1570 nm spectral range at room temperature.
Post-operative isoflurane has been observed to be present in the end-tidal breath of patients who have undergone major surgery, for several weeks after the surgical procedures. A major new noncontrolled, non-randomized, and open-label approved study will recruit patients undergoing various surgeries under different inhalation anaesthetics, with two key objectives, namely to record the washout characteristics following surgery, and to investigate the influence of a patient’s health and the duration and type of surgery on elimination. In preparation for this breath study using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS), it is important to identify first the analytical product ions that need to be monitored and under what operating conditions. In this first paper of this new research programme, we present extensive PTR-TOF-MS studies of three major
anaesthetics used worldwide, desflurane (CF3CHFOCHF2), sevoflurane ((CF3)2CHOCH2F), and isoflurane (CF3CHClOCHF2) and a fourth one, which is used less extensively, enflurane (CHF2OCF2CHFCl), but is of interest because it is an isomer of isoflurane. Product ions are identified as a function of reduced electric field (E/N) over the range of approximately 80 Td to 210 Td, and the effects of operating the drift tube under ‘normal’ or ‘humid’ conditions on the intensities of the product ions are presented. To aid in the analyses, density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the proton affinities and the gas-phase basicities of the anaesthetics have been determined. Calculated energies for the ion-molecule reaction pathways leading to key product ions, identified as ideal for monitoring the inhalation anaesthetics in breath with a high sensitivity and selectivity, are also presented.
Parametric anti-resonance is a phenomenon that occurs in systems with at least two degrees of freedom; this can be achieved by periodically exciting some parameters of the system. The effect of this properly tuned periodicity is to increase the dissipation in the system, which leads to a raising in the effective damping of vibrations. This contribution presents the design of an open-loop control to reduce the settling time using the anti-resonance concept. The control signal consists of a quasi-periodic signal capable of transferring the system’s oscillations from one mode to another mode of the system. The general averaging technique is used to characterize the dynamics, particularly the so-called slow dynamics of motion. With this analysis, the control signal is designed for the potential application of a microelectromechanical sensor arrangement; for this specific example, up to 96.8% reduction of settling time is achieved.
Blood flow and ventilatory flow strongly influence the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. The physicochemical properties of a compound (e.g., water solubility) additionally determine if the concentration of the compound in breath reflects the alveolar concentration, the concentration in the upper airways, or a mixture of both. Mathematical modeling based on mass balance equations helps to understand how measured breath concentrations are related to their corresponding blood concentrations and physiological parameters, such as metabolic rates and endogenous production rates. In addition, the influence of inhaled compounds on their exhaled concentrations can be quantified and appropriate correction formulas can be derived. Isoprene and acetone, two endogenous VOCs with very different water solubility, have been modeled to explain the essential features of their behavior in breath. This chapter introduces the theory of physiological modeling of exhaled VOCs, with examples of isoprene and acetone.
This paper presents design, simulation, and optimization of the three-dimensional 1×4 optical multimode interference splitter using IP-Dip polymer as a core and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sylgard 184 as a cladding. The splitter was simulated by using beam propagation method in BeamPROP simulation engine of RSoft photonic tool and optimized for an operating wavelength of 1.55 µm. According to the minimum insertion loss, the dimensions of the MMI coupler and the length of the whole MMI splitter structure were optimized applying a waveguide with a core size of 4×4 µm2. The objective of the study is to create a design for fabrication by three-dimensional direct laser writing optical lithography.
The paper deals with the optimization of 2x2 optical switch for photonic integrated circuits based on two 2x2 MMI splitters and two phase-modulators. The optical switch was modelled in the RSoftCAD with the simulation tool BeamPROP. The optimization was done to minimise the insertion losses and broaden the spectral band at 1550 nm by using linear tapers in a 2x2 MMI splitter topology. The 2x2 optical switch is a common element for creating more complex 1xN or NxN optical switches in all-optical signal processing.
Today, optics and photonics is widely regarded as one of the most important key technologies for this century. Many experts even anticipate that the 21st century will be century of photon much as the 20th century was the century of electron. Optics and photonics technologies affect almost all areas of our life and cover a wide range of applications in science and industry, e.g. in information and communication technology, in medicine, life science engineering as well as in energy and environmental technology. However even so attractive, the photonics is not well known by most people. To motivate especially young generation for optics and photonics we worked out a lecture related to the “light” for children aged eight to twelve years. We have prepared many experiments to explain the nature of light and its applications in our everyday life. Finally, we focused on the optical data transmission, i.e. how modern communication over optical networks works. To reach many children at home we recorded this lecture and offered it as a video online in the frame of children’s university at Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences. By combining the hands-on teaching with having a fun while learning about the basic optics concepts we aroused interest of many children with a very positive feedback.
Due to the increasing trend of photonic element miniaturisation and the need for optical splitting, we propose and simulate a new type of three-dimensional (3D) optical splitter based on multimode interference (MMI) for the wavelength of 1550 nm. We present various designs and simulations of various parameters for the optimized MMI splitter. We focus on the possibility of its integration on an optical fiber. The design is focused on a possible production process using 3D laser lithography for the prepared experiments. The MMI splitter was prepared by laser lithography using direct writing process and finally investigated by output characterisation by the near-field measurement.
The goal of this paper is to design a low-loss 1 x 32 Y-branch optical splitter for optical transmission systems, using two different design tools employing Beam Propagation Method. As a first step, a conventional 1 x 32 Y-branch splitter was designed and simulated in two-dimensional environment of OptiBPM photonic tool. The simulated optical properties feature high loss, high asymmetric splitting ratio and a large size of the designed structure, too. In the second step of this work we propose an optimization of the conventional splitter design leading to suppression of the asymmetric splitting ratio to one-third of its initial value and to the improvement of the losses by nearly 2 dB. In addition, 50% size reduction of the designed structure was also achieved. This length-optimized low-loss splitter was then modelled in a three-dimensional environment of RSoft photonic tool and the simulated results confirm the strong improvement of the optical properties.
Clathrate hydrates, or hydrates for short, are inclusion compounds in which water molecules form a hydrogen-bonded host lattice that accommodates the guest molecules. While vast amounts of hydrates are known to exist in seafloor sediments and in the permafrost on Earth, these occurrences might be dwarfed by the amounts of hydrates occurring in space and on celestial bodies. Since methane is the primary guest molecule in most of the natural occurrences on Earth, hydrates are considered a promising source of energy. Moreover, the ability of one volume of hydrate to store about 170 volumes of gas, make hydrates a promising functional material for various industrial applications. While the static properties of hydrates are reasonably well known, the dynamics of hydrate formation and decomposition are insufficiently understood. For instance, the stochastic period of hydrate nucleation, the memory effect, and the self-preservation phenomenon complicate the development of predictive models of hydrate dynamics. Additionally, the influence of meso- and macroscopic defects as well as the roles of mass and heat transport on different length scales remain to be clarified.
Due to its non-invasive and non-destructive nature and the high spatial resolution of approx. 1µm or even less, micro-computed X-ray attenuation tomography ( µCT ) seems to be the perfect method for the study of the evolving structures of forming or decomposing hydrates on the meso- and macroscopic length scale. However, for the naturally occurring hydrates of low atomic number guests the contrast between hydrate, ice, and liquid water is typically very weak because of similar X-ray attenuation coefficients. So far, good contrast was only restricted to synchrotron beamline experiments which utilize the phase information of monochromatic X-rays.
In this thesis it is shown that with the help of a newly developed sample cell, a contrast between the hydrate and the ice phase sufficiently good for the reliable segmentation of the materials can also be achieved in conventional tube-based µCT. An accurate pressure and temperature management, i.e., the added functionality of the cell, further allows for cross-correlation of structural and thermodynamic data. The capability of this µCT setup is demonstrated in a series of studies on the formation and decomposition of hydrates which yield new insights for the development of a novel route to hydrate synthesis. At last, this thesis points towards possibilities how better models of hydrate formation and decomposition can be developed with the aid of µCT and computer simulations.
Ansätze des maschinellen Lernens werden sowohl in der Forschung als auch in der Praxis eingesetzt, um gewünschte Ausgabedaten anhand bekannter Eingabedaten vorherzusagen. In dieser Masterarbeit wird die Anwendung des maschinellen Lernens in der Batteriedatenanalyse zur Bestimmung des Alterungsstatus von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht in der Vorhersage von Alterungskurven (englisch state of health - SoH) für Lithium-Ionen Batterien über die Anzahl der Entladezyklen (Zeitachse). Dies erfolgt auf der Grundlage zuvor erfasster Daten für drei Typen von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien, die bei Temperaturen von 15 °C, 25 °C und 35 °C sowie C-Raten von 0,5C, 1C und 2C aufgenommen wurden. Im Zuge dessen wurden die angewandten Methoden des maschinellen Lernens analysiert und ihre Ergebnisse verglichen. Der Umfang dieser Arbeit hebt sich von anderen Ansätzen des maschinellen Lernens in der Batteriedatenanalyse ab, da dieselben Methoden in einem breiteren Spektrum von Daten mit unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und Kathodenmaterialien verwendet wurden. Dies ist für die Analyse von Unterschieden im Verhalten in der Praxis relevant. Nach dem Erwerb und der Vorbereitung der Daten wurden Modelle mit vier ausgewählten Regressionsverfahren (lineare Regression, Ridge-Regression, Random-Forest-Regression und KNN-Regression) des überwachten Lernens trainiert und die Vorhersagen durchgeführt. Aus den Ergebnissen kann eine allgemeingültige Auslegungsgrundlage für weitere Untersuchungen und die praktische Anwendung abgeleitet werden, bei der die Vorhersagen von SoH-Kurven für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien mit linearer Regression und Ridge-Regression die höchste Genauigkeit aufweisen.
In this work, we investigated the influence of different etch depths of the rib waveguides on the performance of SiN-based AWGs. For this purpose, an 8-channel 100 GHz AWG was designed for a center wavelength of 850 nm. The design parameters entered were calculated using the AWG-Parameters tool. The simulations were performed with a commercial photonic tool PHASAR from Optiwave. The simulated performance was evaluated using the AWG-Analyzer tool. For the AWG design, we used three identical rib waveguides with different etch depths to simulate possible etch imperfection. The simulations show the wavelength shift and degradation of the AWG performance.
This paper presents the design, simulation, and optimization of a 1×128 multimode interference (MMI) splitter with a silica-on-silicon channel profile. This work aims to study the influence of the different S-Bend output waveguide shapes at the end of the MMI coupler on the final optical properties. The 1×128 MMI splitters have been simulated using beam propagation method in OptiBPM software. The optical properties of all considered splitters with different shapes of outputs waveguides are discussed and compared with each other. Based on the minimum insertion loss and non-uniformity, the final shape of output waveguides, ensuring the lowest losses, is determined.
Die CO2 Abscheidung ist ein Schlüsselprozess für die Dekarbonisierung der Wirtschaft und Industrie. Die Entwicklungspfade der IEA und des IPCC zur Erreichung des CO2 Nettonulle-missionsziel bis 2050 oder 2070 beinhalten alle eine Form von Carbon Capture, (CC). Als vielversprechende CC-Technologie gerät die gashydratbasierte CO2 Abscheidung, hbCC, aufgrund der hohen Speicherkapazität bei moderaten Druck- und Temperaturniveau und des unproblematischen Arbeitsmediums Wasser zusehends ins Interesse der Forschung und In-dustrie. Gashydrate sind unstöchiometrische Einschlussverbindungen, bei denen die Gasmo-leküle in einem Wirtsgitter aus Wassermolekülen gespeichert werden können. In einem m3 Gashydrat können 170 Nm3 Gas gespeichert werden. Die statischen Eigenschaften von Gas-hydrat sind gut verstanden. Die Dynamik der Synthese und Dissoziation, die intrinsische Re-aktionskinetik der Hydratformation, die Nukleation von initialen Kristallisationskeimen und der Einfluss von Wärme- und Stofftransportphänomenen auf die Dynamik ist noch nicht geklärt. Ein profundes Verständnis der Synthese- und Dissoziationsdynamik, inklusive dem Zusam-menhang mit den p,T-Prozessbedingungen, gilt als Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung effizi-enter hbCC-Verfahren. Üblicherweise wird Gashydrat synthetisiert indem flüssiges Wasser mit der Gasphase in Kontakt gebracht wird. Der initial gebildete Hydratfilm auf der Phasen-grenzfläche hemmt in weiter Folge den Stofftransport für das weitere Hydratwachstum. Die CO2 Gasphasenabscheidung durch thermisches Verdampfen unter Druck, (engl. pressurized thermal evaporation, PTE), unterliegt keinem gehemmten Stofftransport, weil Wasserdampf und Gasmoleküle an einer kalten Substratoberfläche kontinuierlich für die Synthese vorliegen. In vorhergehenden Studien wurden subsequente Synthese- und Dissoziationsexperimente durch PTE aus reiner CO2 oder CH4 Gasphase zur Untersuchung der Dynamik durchgeführt. Für diese Arbeit werden erstmals subsequente PTE Synthese- und Dissoziationsexperimente aus einem binären 0,85 N2 + 0,15 CO2 Synthesegasgemisch umgesetzt. Das durch die Syn-these abgeschiedene Gas wird nach der Dissoziation mit einem Massenspektrometer auf seine Zusammensetzung untersucht. Hydratspeicherkapazität, Abscheiderate und die Selek-tivität der CO2 Gasphasenabscheidung wird für eine Synthesetemperaturvariation, (- 40 °C bis - 15 °C), und einen Synthesedruck von 40 bar(a) bestimmt. Durch Zeitrafferauf-nahmen der Hydratformation und Dissoziation wird die Auswirkung der p,T-Prozessbedingun-gen auf die Synthese- und Dissoziationsdynamik untersucht und der optimale Betriebspunkt für die CO2 Gasphasenabscheidung durch thermisches Verdampfen unter Druck bestimmt. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich ein klarer Zusammenhang zwischen Synthesetemperatur, Ab-scheiderate und Selektivität ableiten. Ein tiefere Synthesetemperatur führt zu einer effiziente-ren CO2 Abscheidung. Außerdem zeigt sich bei der Beobachtung der Synthesedynamik eine direkte Resublimation des Gashydrats auf der Wachstumsoberfläche. Es bildet sich keine flüssige Übergangsphase vor der Nukleation. Die neuen Erkenntnisse sind wichtige Faktoren für das Design zukünftiger PTE-Verfahren und Prototypen.